misc: Rename mgmtmain to lib and remove global package

This refactor should make it cleaner to use mgmt.
readme: Add new blog post about send/recv
2016-12-08 23:31:45 -05:00 · 2016-12-07 14:22:01 -05:00 · 2016-12-07 02:39:14 -05:00 · 2016-12-06 14:42:06 -05:00 · 2016-12-06 14:22:34 -05:00 · 2016-12-06 02:29:47 -05:00
100 changed files with 10962 additions and 4047 deletions
--- a/.ackrc
+++ b/.ackrc
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 --ignore-dir=old/
 --ignore-dir=tmp/
+--ignore-dir=vendor/
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+.idea/
 .omv/
 .ssh/
 .vagrant/
@@ -7,4 +8,5 @@ tmp/
 *_stringer.go
 mgmt
 mgmt.static
+mgmt.iml
 rpmbuild/
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
 [submodule "vendor/github.com/coreos/etcd"]
 	path = vendor/github.com/coreos/etcd
 	url = https://github.com/coreos/etcd/
+[submodule "vendor/google.golang.org/grpc"]
+	path = vendor/google.golang.org/grpc
+	url = https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go
+[submodule "vendor/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway"]
+	path = vendor/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway
+	url = https://github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway
+[submodule "vendor/gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"]
+	path = vendor/gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
+	url = https://gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
+[submodule "vendor/github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd"]
+	path = vendor/github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd
+	url = https://github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 language: go
 go:
-  - 1.4.3
-  - 1.5.3
  - 1.6
+  - 1.7
  - tip
-sudo: false
+sudo: true
+dist: trusty
 before_install: 'git fetch --unshallow'
 install: 'make deps'
 script: 'make test'
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ matrix:
  fast_finish: true
  allow_failures:
    - go: tip
-    - go: 1.4.3
-    - go: 1.6
+    - go: 1.7
 notifications:
  irc:
    channels:
--- a/DOCUMENTATION.md
+++ b/DOCUMENTATION.md
@@ -35,13 +35,16 @@ along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 	* [Autogrouping - Automatic resource grouping](#autogrouping)
 	* [Automatic clustering - Automatic cluster management](#automatic-clustering)
 	* [Remote mode - Remote "agent-less" execution](#remote-agent-less-mode)
-5. [Usage/FAQ - Notes on usage and frequently asked questions](#usage-and-frequently-asked-questions)
-6. [Reference - Detailed reference](#reference)
+	* [Puppet support - write manifest code for mgmt](#puppet-support)
+5. [Resources - All built-in primitives](#resources)
+6. [Usage/FAQ - Notes on usage and frequently asked questions](#usage-and-frequently-asked-questions)
+7. [Reference - Detailed reference](#reference)
+	* [Meta parameters](#meta-parameters)
 	* [Graph definition file](#graph-definition-file)
 	* [Command line](#command-line)
-7. [Examples - Example configurations](#examples)
-8. [Development - Background on module development and reporting bugs](#development)
-9. [Authors - Authors and contact information](#authors)
+8. [Examples - Example configurations](#examples)
+9. [Development - Background on module development and reporting bugs](#development)
+10. [Authors - Authors and contact information](#authors)

 ##Overview

@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ Older videos and other material [is available](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgm
 ##Setup

 During this prototype phase, the tool can be run out of the source directory.
-You'll probably want to use ```./run.sh run --file examples/graph1.yaml``` to
+You'll probably want to use ```./run.sh run --yaml examples/graph1.yaml``` to
 get started. Beware that this _can_ cause data loss. Understand what you're
 doing first, or perform these actions in a virtual environment such as the one
 provided by [Oh-My-Vagrant](https://github.com/purpleidea/oh-my-vagrant).
@@ -167,7 +170,163 @@ which need to exchange information that is only available at run time.

 ####Blog post

-An introductory blog post about this topic will follow soon.
+You can read the introductory blog post about this topic here:
+[https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/remote-execution-in-mgmt/](https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/remote-execution-in-mgmt/)
+
+###Puppet support
+
+You can supply a Puppet manifest instead of creating the (YAML) graph manually.
+Puppet must be installed and in `mgmt`'s search path. You also need the
+[ffrank-mgmtgraph Puppet module](https://forge.puppet.com/ffrank/mgmtgraph).
+
+Invoke `mgmt` with the `--puppet` switch, which supports 3 variants:
+
+1. Request the configuration from the Puppet Master (like `puppet agent` does)
+
+        mgmt run --puppet agent
+
+2. Compile a local manifest file (like `puppet apply`)
+
+        mgmt run --puppet /path/to/my/manifest.pp
+
+3. Compile an ad hoc manifest from the commandline (like `puppet apply -e`)
+
+        mgmt run --puppet 'file { "/etc/ntp.conf": ensure => file }'
+
+For more details and caveats see [Puppet.md](Puppet.md).
+
+####Blog post
+
+An introductory post on the Puppet support is on
+[Felix's blog](http://ffrank.github.io/features/2016/06/19/puppet-powered-mgmt/).
+
+##Resources
+
+This section lists all the built-in resources and their properties. The
+resource primitives in `mgmt` are typically more powerful than resources in
+other configuration management systems because they can be event based which
+lets them respond in real-time to converge to the desired state. This property
+allows you to build more complex resources that you probably hadn't considered
+in the past.
+
+In addition to the resource specific properties, there are resource properties
+(otherwise known as parameters) which can apply to every resource. These are
+called [meta parameters](#meta-parameters) and are listed separately. Certain
+meta parameters aren't very useful when combined with certain resources, but
+in general, it should be fairly obvious, such as when combining the `noop` meta
+parameter with the [Noop](#Noop) resource.
+
+* [Exec](#Exec): Execute shell commands on the system.
+* [File](#File): Manage files and directories.
+* [Hostname](#Hostname): Manages the hostname on the system.
+* [Msg](#Msg): Send log messages.
+* [Noop](#Noop): A simple resource that does nothing.
+* [Nspawn](#Nspawn): Manage systemd-machined nspawn containers.
+* [Password](#Password): Create random password strings.
+* [Pkg](#Pkg):  Manage system packages with PackageKit.
+* [Svc](#Svc): Manage system systemd services.
+* [Timer](#Timer): Manage system systemd services.
+* [Virt](#Virt): Manage virtual machines with libvirt.
+
+###Exec
+
+The exec resource can execute commands on your system.
+
+###File
+
+The file resource manages files and directories. In `mgmt`, directories are
+identified by a trailing slash in their path name. File have no such slash.
+
+####Path
+
+The path property specifies the file or directory that we are managing.
+
+####Content
+
+The content property is a string that specifies the desired file contents.
+
+####Source
+
+The source property points to a source file or directory path that we wish to
+copy over and use as the desired contents for our resource.
+
+####State
+
+The state property describes the action we'd like to apply for the resource. The
+possible values are: `exists` and `absent`.
+
+####Recurse
+
+The recurse property limits whether file resource operations should recurse into
+and monitor directory contents with a depth greater than one.
+
+####Force
+
+The force property is required if we want the file resource to be able to change
+a file into a directory or vice-versa. If such a change is needed, but the force
+property is not set to `true`, then this file resource will error.
+
+###Hostname
+
+The hostname resource manages static, transient/dynamic and pretty hostnames
+on the system and watches them for changes.
+
+#### static_hostname
+The static hostname is the one configured in /etc/hostname or a similar
+file.
+It is chosen by the local user. It is not always in sync with the current
+host name as returned by the gethostname() system call.
+
+#### transient_hostname
+The transient / dynamic hostname is the one configured via the kernel's
+sethostbyname().
+It can be different from the static hostname in case DHCP or mDNS have been
+configured to change the name based on network information.
+
+#### pretty_hostname
+The pretty hostname is a free-form UTF8 host name for presentation to the user.
+
+#### hostname
+Hostname is the fallback value for all 3 fields above, if only `hostname` is
+specified, it will set all 3 fields to this value.
+
+###Msg
+
+The msg resource sends messages to the main log, or an external service such
+as systemd's journal.
+
+###Noop
+
+The noop resource does absolutely nothing. It does have some utility in testing
+`mgmt` and also as a placeholder in the resource graph.
+
+###Nspawn
+
+The nspawn resource is used to manage systemd-machined style containers.
+
+###Password
+
+The password resource can generate a random string to be used as a password. It
+will re-generate the password if it receives a refresh notification.
+
+###Pkg
+
+The pkg resource is used to manage system packages. This resource works on many
+different distributions because it uses the underlying packagekit facility which
+supports different backends for different environments. This ensures that we
+have great Debian (deb/dpkg) and Fedora (rpm/dnf) support simultaneously.
+
+###Svc
+
+The service resource is still very WIP. Please help us my improving it!
+
+###Timer
+
+This resource needs better documentation. Please help us my improving it!
+
+###Virt
+
+The virt resource can manage virtual machines via libvirt.

 ##Usage and frequently asked questions
 (Send your questions as a patch to this FAQ! I'll review it, merge it, and
@@ -216,7 +375,7 @@ starting up, and as a result, a default endpoint never gets added. The solution
 is to either reconcile the mistake, and if there is no important data saved, you
 can remove the etcd dataDir. This is typically `/var/lib/mgmt/etcd/member/`.

-###Why do resources have both a `Compare` method and an `IFF` (on the UUID) method?
+###Why do resources have both a `Compare` method and an `IFF` (on the UID) method?

 The `Compare()` methods are for determining if two resources are effectively the
 same, which is used to make graph change delta's efficient. This is when we want
@@ -225,9 +384,9 @@ vertices. Since we want to make this process efficient, we only update the parts
 that are different, and leave everything else alone. This `Compare()` method can
 tell us if two resources are the same.

-The `IFF()` method is part of the whole UUID system, which is for discerning if
-a resource meets the requirements another expects for an automatic edge. This is
-because the automatic edge system assumes a unified UUID pattern to test for
+The `IFF()` method is part of the whole UID system, which is for discerning if a
+resource meets the requirements another expects for an automatic edge. This is
+because the automatic edge system assumes a unified UID pattern to test for
 equality. In the future it might be helpful or sane to merge the two similar
 comparison functions although for now they are separate because they are
 actually answer different questions.
@@ -256,9 +415,40 @@ information on these options, please view the source at:
 If you feel that a well used option needs documenting here, please patch it!

 ###Overview of reference
+* [Meta parameters](#meta-parameters): List of available resource meta parameters.
 * [Graph definition file](#graph-definition-file): Main graph definition file.
 * [Command line](#command-line): Command line parameters.

+###Meta parameters
+These meta parameters are special parameters (or properties) which can apply to
+any resource. The usefulness of doing so will depend on the particular meta
+parameter and resource combination.
+
+####AutoEdge
+Boolean. Should we generate auto edges for this resource?
+
+####AutoGroup
+Boolean. Should we attempt to automatically group this resource with others?
+
+####Noop
+Boolean. Should the Apply portion of the CheckApply method of the resource
+make any changes? Noop is a concatenation of no-operation.
+
+####Retry
+Integer. The number of times to retry running the resource on error. Use -1 for
+infinite. This currently applies for both the Watch operation (which can fail)
+and for the CheckApply operation. While they could have separate values, I've
+decided to use the same ones for both until there's a proper reason to want to
+do something differently for the Watch errors.
+
+####Delay
+Integer. Number of milliseconds to wait between retries. The same value is
+shared between the Watch and CheckApply retries. This currently applies for both
+the Watch operation (which can fail) and for the CheckApply operation. While
+they could have separate values, I've decided to use the same ones for both
+until there's a proper reason to want to do something differently for the Watch
+errors.
+
 ###Graph definition file
 graph.yaml is the compiled graph definition file. The format is currently
 undocumented, but by looking through the [examples/](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/tree/master/examples)
@@ -268,7 +458,7 @@ you can probably figure out most of it, as it's fairly intuitive.
 The main interface to the `mgmt` tool is the command line. For the most recent
 documentation, please run `mgmt --help`.

-####`--file <graph.yaml>`
+####`--yaml <graph.yaml>`
 Point to a graph file to run.

 ####`--converged-timeout <seconds>`
--- a/47
+++ b/47
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-SHELL = /bin/bash
-.PHONY: all version program path deps run race generate build clean test gofmt yamlfmt format docs rpmbuild mkdirs rpm srpm spec tar upload upload-sources upload-srpms upload-rpms copr
+SHELL = /usr/bin/env bash
+.PHONY: all art cleanart version program path deps run race generate build clean test gofmt yamlfmt format docs rpmbuild mkdirs rpm srpm spec tar upload upload-sources upload-srpms upload-rpms copr
 .SILENT: clean

 SVERSION := $(or $(SVERSION),$(shell git describe --match '[0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.[0-9]*' --tags --dirty --always))
@@ -38,6 +38,42 @@ USERNAME := $(shell cat ~/.config/copr 2>/dev/null | grep username | awk -F '='
 SERVER = 'dl.fedoraproject.org'
 REMOTE_PATH = 'pub/alt/$(USERNAME)/$(PROGRAM)'

+#
+#	art
+#
+art: art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_default_wide.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_wide.png art/mgmt_logo_white_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_white_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.png
+
+cleanart:
+	rm -f art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_default_wide.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_reversed_wide.png art/mgmt_logo_white_symbol.png art/mgmt_logo_white_tall.png art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.png
+
+# NOTE: the widths are arbitrary
+art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.png: art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#ffffff' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 300 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.png: art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#ffffff' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 400 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_default_wide.png: art/mgmt_logo_default_wide.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#ffffff' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 800 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_reversed_symbol.png: art/mgmt_logo_reversed_symbol.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 300 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_reversed_tall.png: art/mgmt_logo_reversed_tall.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 400 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_reversed_wide.png: art/mgmt_logo_reversed_wide.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 800 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_white_symbol.png: art/mgmt_logo_white_symbol.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 300 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_white_tall.png: art/mgmt_logo_white_tall.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 400 $(@:png=svg)
+
+art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.png: art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.svg
+	inkscape --export-background='#231f20' --without-gui --export-png "$@" --export-width 800 $(@:png=svg)
+
 all: docs $(PROGRAM).static

 # show the current version
@@ -86,7 +122,8 @@ endif

 clean:
 	[ ! -e $(PROGRAM) ] || rm $(PROGRAM)
-	#rm -f *_stringer.go	# generated by `go generate`
+	rm -f *_stringer.go	# generated by `go generate`
+	rm -f *_mock.go		# generated by `go generate`

 test:
 	./test.sh
@@ -95,7 +132,7 @@ gofmt:
 	find . -maxdepth 3 -type f -name '*.go' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*' -exec gofmt -w {} \;

 yamlfmt:
-	find . -type f -name '*.yaml' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*' -not -path './omv.yaml' -exec ruby -e "require 'yaml'; x=YAML.load_file('{}').to_yaml.each_line.map(&:rstrip).join(10.chr)+10.chr; File.open('{}', 'w').write x" \;
+	find . -maxdepth 3 -type f -name '*.yaml' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*' -not -path './omv.yaml' -exec ruby -e "require 'yaml'; x=YAML.load_file('{}').to_yaml.each_line.map(&:rstrip).join(10.chr)+10.chr; File.open('{}', 'w').write x" \;

 format: gofmt yamlfmt

@@ -147,7 +184,7 @@ $(SRPM): $(SPEC) $(SOURCE)
 $(SPEC): rpmbuild/ spec.in
 	@echo Running templater...
 	#cat spec.in > $(SPEC)
-	sed -e s/__PROGRAM__/$(PROGRAM)/ -e s/__VERSION__/$(VERSION)/ -e s/__RELEASE__/$(RELEASE)/ < spec.in > $(SPEC)
+	sed -e s/__PROGRAM__/$(PROGRAM)/g -e s/__VERSION__/$(VERSION)/g -e s/__RELEASE__/$(RELEASE)/g < spec.in > $(SPEC)
 	# append a changelog to the .spec file
 	git log --format="* %cd %aN <%aE>%n- (%h) %s%d%n" --date=local | sed -r 's/[0-9]+:[0-9]+:[0-9]+ //' >> $(SPEC)

--- a/Puppet.md
+++ b/Puppet.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#mgmt Puppet support
+
+1. [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
+    * [Testing the Puppet side](#testing-the-puppet-side)
+2. [Writing a suitable manifest](#writing-a-suitable-manifest)
+    * [Unsupported attributes](#unsupported-attributes)
+    * [Unsupported resources](#unsupported-resources)
+    * [Avoiding common warnings](#avoiding-common-warnings)
+3. [Configuring Puppet](#configuring-puppet)
+4. [Caveats](#caveats)
+
+`mgmt` can use Puppet as its source for the configuration graph.
+This document goes into detail on how this works, and lists
+some pitfalls and limitations.
+
+For basic instructions on how to use the Puppet support, see
+the [main documentation](DOCUMENTATION.md#puppet-support).
+
+##Prerequisites
+
+You need Puppet installed in your system. It is not important how you
+get it. On the most common Linux distributions, you can use packages
+from the OS maintainer, or upstream Puppet repositories. An alternative
+that will also work on OSX is the `puppet` Ruby gem. It also has the
+advantage that you can install any desired version in your home directory
+or any other location.
+
+Any release of Puppet's 3.x and 4.x series should be suitable for use with
+`mgmt`. Most importantly, make sure to install the `ffrank-mgmtgraph` Puppet
+module (referred to below as "the translator module").
+
+    puppet module install ffrank-mgmtgraph
+
+Please note that the module is not required on your Puppet master (if you
+use a master/agent setup). It's needed on the machine that runs `mgmt`.
+You can install the module on the master anyway, so that it gets distributed
+to your agents through Puppet's `pluginsync` mechanism.
+
+###Testing the Puppet side
+
+The following command should run successfully and print a YAML hash on your
+terminal:
+
+```puppet
+puppet mgmtgraph print --code 'file { "/tmp/mgmt-test": ensure => present }'
+```
+
+You can use this CLI to test any manifests before handing them straight
+to `mgmt`.
+
+##Writing a suitable manifest
+
+###Unsupported attributes
+
+`mgmt` inherited its resource module from Puppet, so by and large, it's quite
+possible to express `mgmt` graphs in terms of Puppet manifests. However,
+there isn't (and likely never will be) full feature parity between the
+respective resource types. In consequence, a manifest can have semantics that
+cannot be transferred to `mgmt`.
+
+For example, at the time of writing this, the `file` type in `mgmt` had no
+notion of permissions (the file `mode`) yet. This lead to the following
+warning (among others that will be discussed below):
+
+    $ puppet mgmtgraph print --code 'file { "/tmp/foo": mode => "0600" }'
+    Warning: cannot translate: File[/tmp/foo] { mode => "600" } (attribute is ignored)
+
+This is a heads-up for the user, because the resulting `mgmt` graph will
+in fact not pass this information to the `/tmp/foo` file resource, and
+`mgmt` will ignore this file's permissions. Including such attributes in
+manifests that are written expressly for `mgmt` is not sensible and should
+be avoided.
+
+###Unsupported resources
+
+Puppet has a fairly large number of
+[built-in types](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/reference/type.html),
+and countless more are available through
+[modules](https://forge.puppet.com/). It's unlikely that all of them will
+eventually receive native counterparts in `mgmt`.
+
+When encountering an unknown resource, the translator module will replace
+it with an `exec` resource in its output. This resource will run the equivalent
+of a `puppet resource` command to make Puppet apply the original resource
+itself. This has quite abysmal performance, because processing such a
+resource requires the forking of at least one Puppet process (two if it
+is found to be out of sync). This comes with considerable overhead.
+On most systems, starting up any Puppet command takes several seconds.
+Compared to the split second that the actual work usually takes,
+this overhead can amount to several orders of magnitude.
+
+Avoid Puppet types that `mgmt` does not implement (yet).
+
+###Avoiding common warnings
+
+Many resource parameters in Puppet take default values. For the most part,
+the translator module just ignores them. However, there are cases in which
+Puppet will default to convenient behavior that `mgmt` cannot quite replicate.
+For example, translating a plain `file` resource will lead to a warning message:
+
+    $ puppet mgmtgraph print --code 'file { "/tmp/mgmt-test": }'
+    Warning: File[/tmp/mgmt-test] uses the 'puppet' file bucket, which mgmt cannot do. There will be no backup copies!
+
+The reason is that per default, Puppet assumes the following parameter value
+(among others)
+
+```puppet
+file { "/tmp/mgmt-test":
+  backup => 'puppet',
+}
+```
+
+To avoid this, specify the parameter explicitly:
+
+    $ puppet mgmtgraph print --code 'file { "/tmp/mgmt-test": backup => false }'
+
+This is tedious in a more complex manifest. A good simplification is the
+following [resource default](https://docs.puppet.com/puppet/latest/reference/lang_defaults.html)
+anywhere on the top scope of your manifest:
+
+```puppet
+File { backup => false }
+```
+
+If you encounter similar warnings from other types and/or parameters,
+use the same approach to silence them if possible.
+
+##Configuring Puppet
+
+Since `mgmt` uses an actual Puppet CLI behind the scenes, you might
+need to tweak some of Puppet's runtime options in order to make it
+do what you want. Reasons for this could be among the following:
+
+* You use the `--puppet agent` variant and need to configure
+`servername`, `certname` and other master/agent-related options.
+* You don't want runtime information to end up in the `vardir`
+that is used by your regular `puppet agent`.
+* You install specific Puppet modules for `mgmt` in a non-standard
+location.
+
+`mgmt` exposes only one Puppet option in order to allow you to
+control all of them, through its `--puppet-conf` option. It allows
+you to specify which `puppet.conf` file should be used during
+translation.
+
+    mgmt run --puppet /opt/my-manifest.pp --puppet-conf /etc/mgmt/puppet.conf
+
+Within this file, you can just specify any needed options in the
+`[main]` section:
+
+    [main]
+    server=mgmt-master.example.net
+    vardir=/var/lib/mgmt/puppet
+
+##Caveats
+
+Please see the [README](https://github.com/ffrank/puppet-mgmtgraph/blob/master/README.md)
+of the translator module for the current state of supported and unsupported
+language features.
+
+You should probably make sure to always use the latest release of
+both `ffrank-mgmtgraph` and `ffrank-yamlresource` (the latter is
+getting pulled in as a dependency of the former).
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,25 +1,47 @@
-# *mgmt*: This is: mgmt!
+# *mgmt*: next generation config management!
+
+[![mgmt!](art/mgmt.png)](art/)

 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt)
 [![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/purpleidea/mgmt.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/purpleidea/mgmt)
 [![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/docs/markdown.png)](DOCUMENTATION.md)
+[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt)
 [![IRC](https://img.shields.io/irc/%23mgmtconfig.png)](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#mgmtconfig)
 [![Jenkins](https://img.shields.io/jenkins/status.png)](https://ci.centos.org/job/purpleidea-mgmt/)
 [![COPR](https://img.shields.io/copr/builds.png)](https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/purpleidea/mgmt/)
+[![arch](https://img.shields.io/arch/aur.png)](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/mgmt/)

 ## Community:
 Come join us on IRC in [#mgmtconfig](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#mgmtconfig) on Freenode!
 You may like the [#mgmtconfig](https://twitter.com/hashtag/mgmtconfig) hashtag if you're on [Twitter](https://twitter.com/#!/purpleidea).

+## Status:
+Mgmt is a fairly new project.
+We're working towards being minimally useful for production environments.
+We aren't feature complete for what we'd consider a 1.x release yet.
+With your help you'll be able to influence our design and get us there sooner!
+
 ## Questions:
 Please join the [#mgmtconfig](https://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#mgmtconfig) IRC community!
 If you have a well phrased question that might benefit others, consider asking it by sending a patch to the documentation [FAQ](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/blob/master/DOCUMENTATION.md#usage-and-frequently-asked-questions) section. I'll merge your question, and a patch with the answer!

 ## Quick start:
-* Clone the repository recursively, eg: `git clone --recursive https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/`.
-* Get the remaining golang dependencies on your own, or run `make deps` if you're comfortable with how we install them.
+* Make sure you have golang version 1.6 or greater installed.
+* If you do not have a GOPATH yet, create one and export it:
+```
+mkdir $HOME/gopath
+export GOPATH=$HOME/gopath
+```
+* You might also want to add the GOPATH to your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.profile`.
+* For more information you can read the [GOPATH documentation](https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable).
+* Next download the mgmt code base, and switch to that directory:
+```
+go get -u github.com/purpleidea/mgmt
+cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt
+```
+* Get the remaining golang deps with `go get ./...`, or run `make deps` if you're comfortable with how we install them.
 * Run `make build` to get a freshly built `mgmt` binary.
-* Run `time ./mgmt run --file examples/graph0.yaml --converged-timeout=1` to try out a very simple example!
+* Run `time ./mgmt run --yaml examples/graph0.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --tmp-prefix` to try out a very simple example!
 * To run continuously in the default mode of operation, omit the `--converged-timeout` option.
 * Have fun hacking on our future technology!

@@ -27,7 +49,7 @@ If you have a well phrased question that might benefit others, consider asking i
 Please look in the [examples/](examples/) folder for more examples!

 ## Documentation:
-Please see: [DOCUMENTATION.md](DOCUMENTATION.md) or [PDF](https://pdfdoc-purpleidea.rhcloud.com/pdf/https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/blob/master/DOCUMENTATION.md).
+Please see: the manually created [DOCUMENTATION.md](DOCUMENTATION.md) (also available as [PDF](https://pdfdoc-purpleidea.rhcloud.com/pdf/https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/blob/master/DOCUMENTATION.md)) and the automatically generated [GoDoc documentation](https://godoc.org/github.com/purpleidea/mgmt).

 ## Roadmap:
 Please see: [TODO.md](TODO.md) for a list of upcoming work and TODO items.
@@ -40,21 +62,22 @@ Bonus points if you provide a [shell](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/tree/ma
 Feel free to read my article on [debugging golang programs](https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2016/02/15/debugging-golang-programs/).

 ## Dependencies:
-* golang 1.4 or higher (required, available in most distros)
+* golang 1.6 or higher (required, available in most distros)
 * golang libraries (required, available with `go get`)
-
-        go get github.com/coreos/etcd/client
-        go get gopkg.in/yaml.v2
-        go get gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
-        go get github.com/codegangsta/cli
-        go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus
-        go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/util
-        go get github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog
-
-* stringer (required for building), available as a package on some platforms, otherwise via `go get`
-
-        go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer
-
+```
+go get github.com/coreos/etcd/client
+go get gopkg.in/yaml.v2
+go get gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
+go get github.com/urfave/cli
+go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus
+go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/util
+go get github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog
+go get github.com/rgbkrk/libvirt-go
+```
+* stringer (optional for building), available as a package on some platforms, otherwise via `go get`
+```
+go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer
+```
 * pandoc (optional, for building a pdf of the documentation)
 * graphviz (optional, for building a visual representation of the graph)

@@ -79,6 +102,11 @@ We'd love to have your patches! Please send them by email, or as a pull request.
 * James Shubin; video: [Recording from DebConf16](http://meetings-archive.debian.net/pub/debian-meetings/2016/debconf16/Next_Generation_Config_Mgmt.webm) ([Slides](https://annex.debconf.org//debconf-share/debconf16/slides/15-next-generation-config-mgmt.pdf))
 * Felix Frank; blog: [Edging It All In (puppet and mgmt edges)](https://ffrank.github.io/features/2016/07/12/edging-it-all-in/)
 * Felix Frank; blog: [Translating All The Things (puppet to mgmt translation warnings)](https://ffrank.github.io/features/2016/08/19/translating-all-the-things/)
+* James Shubin; video: [Recording from systemd.conf 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jB992Zb3nH0&html5=1)
+* James Shubin; blog: [Remote execution in mgmt](https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/remote-execution-in-mgmt/)
+* James Shubin; video: [Recording from High Load Strategy 2016](https://vimeo.com/191493409)
+* James Shubin; video: [Recording from NLUUG 2016](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmpwOQAb_SE&html5=1)
+* James Shubin; blog: [Send/Recv in mgmt](https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2016/12/07/sendrecv-in-mgmt/)

 ##

--- a/TODO.md
+++ b/TODO.md
@@ -9,24 +9,48 @@ Let us know if you're working on one of the items.
 - [ ] install signal blocker [bug](https://github.com/hughsie/PackageKit/issues/109)

 ## File resource [bug](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/issues/13) [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
- [ ] ability to make/delete folders
- [ ] recursive argument (can recursively watch/modify contents)
- [ ] force argument (can cause switch from file <-> folder)
+- [ ] chown/chmod support [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+- [ ] user/group support [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+- [ ] recurse limit support [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
 - [ ] fanotify support [bug](https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/114)

+## Svc resource
+- [ ] base resource improvements
+
 ## Exec resource
 - [ ] base resource improvements

 ## Timer resource
- [ ] base resource [bug](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/issues/15) [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
 - [ ] reset on recompile
- [ ] increment algorithm (linear, exponential, etc...)
+- [ ] increment algorithm (linear, exponential, etc...) [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+
+## User/Group resource
+- [ ] base resource [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+- [ ] automatic edges to file resource [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)

 ## Virt (libvirt) resource
 - [ ] base resource [bug](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/issues/25)

+## Net (systemd-networkd) resource
+- [ ] base resource
+
+## Nspawn (systemd-nspawn) resource
+- [ ] base resource [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+
+## Mount (systemd-mount) resource
+- [ ] base resource [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+
+## Cron (systemd-timer) resource
+- [ ] base resource [:heart:](https://github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/labels/mgmtlove)
+
+## Http resource
+- [ ] base resource
+
 ## Etcd improvements
- [ ] embedded etcd master
+- [ ] fix embedded etcd master race
+
+## Torrent/dht file transfer
+- [ ] base plumbing

 ## Language improvements
 - [ ] language design
--- a/art/.gitignore
+++ b/art/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*.png
+misc/
--- a/art/mgmt.png
+++ b/art/mgmt.png
--- a/art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.svg
+++ b/art/mgmt_logo_default_symbol.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
+	 viewBox="0 0 120 107.1" style="enable-background:new 0 0 120 107.1;" xml:space="preserve">
+<style type="text/css">
+	.st0{fill:#FFFFFF;}
+	.st1{fill:#E22434;}
+	.st2{display:none;}
+	.st3{fill:#1B3663;}
+	.st4{fill:#00B1D1;}
+	.st5{fill:#BFE6EF;}
+	.st6{fill:#69CBE0;}
+	.st7{fill:#0080BD;}
+	.st8{fill:#005DAB;}
+	.st9{fill:#183660;}
+	.st10{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st11{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st12{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st13{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st14{fill:#C0E6EF;}
+	.st15{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st16{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st17{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st18{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st19{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+</style>
+<g id="Layer_2">
+</g>
+<g id="Layer_1">
+	<g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="29.2" y1="24.1" x2="52.1" y2="42.8"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="27.7,27.8 24.9,20.5 32.6,21.8 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<circle class="st5" cx="16.1" cy="12.2" r="12.1"/>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="52.1" y1="42.1" x2="74.1" y2="80"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="70.1,80.9 76.9,84.8 76.8,77.1 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="69.4" y1="46.7" x2="95.8" y2="52.4"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="69.7,50.7 63.9,45.6 71.3,43.2 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="52.1" y1="42.8" x2="71.9" y2="30.1"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="73.1,34 76.6,27.1 68.9,27.5 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="16.8" y1="49.6" x2="34.8" y2="46.5"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="34.3,50.5 40.3,45.6 33,42.9 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="92.3" y1="79.5" x2="107.8" y2="54.2"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="96.1,80.6 89.3,84.3 89.5,76.5 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<line class="st10" x1="97.3" y1="36.5" x2="107.8" y2="54.2"/>
+				<g>
+					<polygon class="st9" points="94.6,39.4 94.5,31.7 101.2,35.5 					"/>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+		</g>
+		<circle class="st3" cx="52.1" cy="42.8" r="12.1"/>
+		<circle class="st4" cx="12.2" cy="50.8" r="12.1"/>
+		<circle class="st7" cx="87.5" cy="21.7" r="12.1"/>
+		<circle class="st8" cx="83.5" cy="95" r="12.1"/>
+		<circle class="st6" cx="107.8" cy="54.2" r="12.1"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>
--- a/art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.svg
+++ b/art/mgmt_logo_default_tall.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
+	 viewBox="0 0 168.3 131.6" style="enable-background:new 0 0 168.3 131.6;" xml:space="preserve">
+<style type="text/css">
+	.st0{fill:#FFFFFF;}
+	.st1{fill:#E22434;}
+	.st2{display:none;}
+	.st3{fill:#1B3663;}
+	.st4{fill:#00B1D1;}
+	.st5{fill:#BFE6EF;}
+	.st6{fill:#69CBE0;}
+	.st7{fill:#0080BD;}
+	.st8{fill:#005DAB;}
+	.st9{fill:#183660;}
+	.st10{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st11{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st12{fill:none;stroke:#183660;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st13{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st14{fill:#C0E6EF;}
+	.st15{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st16{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st17{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st18{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st19{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+</style>
+<g id="Layer_2">
+</g>
+<g id="Layer_1">
+	<g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
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+++ b/art/mgmt_logo_white_symbol.svg
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+		</g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
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+					</g>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+			<circle class="st0" cx="48" cy="10.1" r="10.1"/>
+			<g>
+				<g>
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+			<g>
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+					</g>
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+			</g>
+			<g>
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+					<g>
+						<polygon class="st0" points="95.4,28.3 98.4,22.6 91.9,22.9 						"/>
+					</g>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+			<g>
+				<g>
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+					<g>
+						<polygon class="st0" points="63.1,42.1 68.1,38 62,35.7 						"/>
+					</g>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+			<g>
+				<g>
+					<line class="st19" x1="111.4" y1="66.3" x2="124.4" y2="45.2"/>
+					<g>
+						<polygon class="st0" points="114.6,67.2 109,70.2 109.1,63.8 						"/>
+					</g>
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+			</g>
+			<g>
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+					<g>
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+					</g>
+				</g>
+			</g>
+			<circle class="st0" cx="77.9" cy="35.6" r="10.1"/>
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+			<circle class="st0" cx="124.4" cy="45.2" r="10.1"/>
+		</g>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>
--- a/art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.svg
+++ b/art/mgmt_logo_white_wide.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
+	 viewBox="0 0 260.4 71.4" style="enable-background:new 0 0 260.4 71.4;" xml:space="preserve">
+<style type="text/css">
+	.st0{fill:#FFFFFF;}
+	.st1{fill:#E22434;}
+	.st2{display:none;}
+	.st3{fill:#1B3663;}
+	.st4{fill:#00B1D1;}
+	.st5{fill:#BFE6EF;}
+	.st6{fill:#69CBE0;}
+	.st7{fill:#0080BD;}
+	.st8{fill:#005DAB;}
+	.st9{fill:#183660;}
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+	.st14{fill:#C0E6EF;}
+	.st15{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st16{fill:none;stroke:#C0E6EF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st17{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.9441;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st18{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.2961;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+	.st19{fill:none;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:1.6201;stroke-miterlimit:10;}
+</style>
+<g id="Layer_2">
+</g>
+<g id="Layer_1">
+	<g>
+		<g>
+			<g>
+				<path class="st0" d="M96.7,26l0.1,1.8c1.1-1.4,2.6-2.1,4.4-2.1c1.9,0,3.2,0.9,4,2.6c1.1-1.7,2.6-2.6,4.7-2.6
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+			<circle class="st0" cx="34.7" cy="28.5" r="8.1"/>
+			<circle class="st0" cx="8.1" cy="33.9" r="8.1"/>
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+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@@ -1,566 +0,0 @@
-// Mgmt
-// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
-// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
-//
-// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
-	"reflect"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-type collectorResConfig struct {
-	Kind    string `yaml:"kind"`
-	Pattern string `yaml:"pattern"` // XXX: Not Implemented
-}
-
-type vertexConfig struct {
-	Kind string `yaml:"kind"`
-	Name string `yaml:"name"`
-}
-
-type edgeConfig struct {
-	Name string       `yaml:"name"`
-	From vertexConfig `yaml:"from"`
-	To   vertexConfig `yaml:"to"`
-}
-
-// GraphConfig is the data structure that describes a single graph to run.
-type GraphConfig struct {
-	Graph     string `yaml:"graph"`
-	Resources struct {
-		Noop  []*NoopRes  `yaml:"noop"`
-		Pkg   []*PkgRes   `yaml:"pkg"`
-		File  []*FileRes  `yaml:"file"`
-		Svc   []*SvcRes   `yaml:"svc"`
-		Exec  []*ExecRes  `yaml:"exec"`
-		Timer []*TimerRes `yaml:"timer"`
-	} `yaml:"resources"`
-	Collector []collectorResConfig `yaml:"collect"`
-	Edges     []edgeConfig         `yaml:"edges"`
-	Comment   string               `yaml:"comment"`
-	Hostname  string               `yaml:"hostname"` // uuid for the host
-	Remote    string               `yaml:"remote"`
-}
-
-// Parse parses a data stream into the graph structure.
-func (c *GraphConfig) Parse(data []byte) error {
-	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, c); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if c.Graph == "" {
-		return errors.New("Graph config: invalid `graph`")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// ParseConfigFromFile takes a filename and returns the graph config structure.
-func ParseConfigFromFile(filename string) *GraphConfig {
-	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Config: Error: ParseConfigFromFile: File: %v", err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	var config GraphConfig
-	if err := config.Parse(data); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("Config: Error: ParseConfigFromFile: Parse: %v", err)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	return &config
-}
-
-// NewGraphFromConfig returns a new graph from existing input, such as from the
-// existing graph, and a GraphConfig struct.
-func (g *Graph) NewGraphFromConfig(config *GraphConfig, embdEtcd *EmbdEtcd, noop bool) (*Graph, error) {
-	if config.Hostname == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Error: Hostname can't be empty!")
-	}
-
-	var graph *Graph // new graph to return
-	if g == nil {    // FIXME: how can we check for an empty graph?
-		graph = NewGraph("Graph") // give graph a default name
-	} else {
-		graph = g.Copy() // same vertices, since they're pointers!
-	}
-
-	var lookup = make(map[string]map[string]*Vertex)
-
-	//log.Printf("%+v", config) // debug
-
-	// TODO: if defined (somehow)...
-	graph.SetName(config.Graph) // set graph name
-
-	var keep []*Vertex  // list of vertex which are the same in new graph
-	var resources []Res // list of resources to export
-	// use reflection to avoid duplicating code... better options welcome!
-	value := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(config.Resources))
-	vtype := value.Type()
-	for i := 0; i < vtype.NumField(); i++ { // number of fields in struct
-		name := vtype.Field(i).Name // string of field name
-		field := value.FieldByName(name)
-		iface := field.Interface() // interface type of value
-		slice := reflect.ValueOf(iface)
-		// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
-		kind := FirstToUpper(name)
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("Config: Processing: %v...", kind)
-		}
-		for j := 0; j < slice.Len(); j++ { // loop through resources of same kind
-			x := slice.Index(j).Interface()
-			res, ok := x.(Res) // convert to Res type
-			if !ok {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Error: Can't convert: %v of type: %T to Res.", x, x)
-			}
-			if noop {
-				res.Meta().Noop = noop
-			}
-			if _, exists := lookup[kind]; !exists {
-				lookup[kind] = make(map[string]*Vertex)
-			}
-			// XXX: should we export based on a @@ prefix, or a metaparam
-			// like exported => true || exported => (host pattern)||(other pattern?)
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(res.GetName(), "@@") { // not exported resource
-				// XXX: we don't have a way of knowing if any of the
-				// metaparams are undefined, and as a result to set the
-				// defaults that we want! I hate the go yaml parser!!!
-				v := graph.GetVertexMatch(res)
-				if v == nil { // no match found
-					res.Init()
-					v = NewVertex(res)
-					graph.AddVertex(v) // call standalone in case not part of an edge
-				}
-				lookup[kind][res.GetName()] = v // used for constructing edges
-				keep = append(keep, v)          // append
-
-			} else if !noop { // do not export any resources if noop
-				// store for addition to etcd storage...
-				res.SetName(res.GetName()[2:]) //slice off @@
-				res.setKind(kind)              // cheap init
-				resources = append(resources, res)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// store in etcd
-	if err := EtcdSetResources(embdEtcd, config.Hostname, resources); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Could not export resources: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	// lookup from etcd
-	var hostnameFilter []string // empty to get from everyone
-	kindFilter := []string{}
-	for _, t := range config.Collector {
-		// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
-		kind := FirstToUpper(t.Kind)
-		kindFilter = append(kindFilter, kind)
-	}
-	// do all the graph look ups in one single step, so that if the etcd
-	// database changes, we don't have a partial state of affairs...
-	if len(kindFilter) > 0 { // if kindFilter is empty, don't need to do lookups!
-		var err error
-		resources, err = EtcdGetResources(embdEtcd, hostnameFilter, kindFilter)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Could not collect resources: %v", err)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, res := range resources {
-		matched := false
-		// see if we find a collect pattern that matches
-		for _, t := range config.Collector {
-			// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
-			kind := FirstToUpper(t.Kind)
-			// use t.Kind and optionally t.Pattern to collect from etcd storage
-			log.Printf("Collect: %v; Pattern: %v", kind, t.Pattern)
-
-			// XXX: expand to more complex pattern matching here...
-			if res.Kind() != kind {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if matched {
-				// we've already matched this resource, should we match again?
-				log.Printf("Config: Warning: Matching %v[%v] again!", kind, res.GetName())
-			}
-			matched = true
-
-			// collect resources but add the noop metaparam
-			if noop {
-				res.Meta().Noop = noop
-			}
-
-			if t.Pattern != "" { // XXX: simplistic for now
-				res.CollectPattern(t.Pattern) // res.Dirname = t.Pattern
-			}
-
-			log.Printf("Collect: %v[%v]: collected!", kind, res.GetName())
-
-			// XXX: similar to other resource add code:
-			if _, exists := lookup[kind]; !exists {
-				lookup[kind] = make(map[string]*Vertex)
-			}
-			v := graph.GetVertexMatch(res)
-			if v == nil { // no match found
-				res.Init() // initialize go channels or things won't work!!!
-				v = NewVertex(res)
-				graph.AddVertex(v) // call standalone in case not part of an edge
-			}
-			lookup[kind][res.GetName()] = v // used for constructing edges
-			keep = append(keep, v)          // append
-
-			//break // let's see if another resource even matches
-		}
-	}
-
-	// get rid of any vertices we shouldn't "keep" (that aren't in new graph)
-	for _, v := range graph.GetVertices() {
-		if !VertexContains(v, keep) {
-			// wait for exit before starting new graph!
-			v.SendEvent(eventExit, true, false)
-			graph.DeleteVertex(v)
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, e := range config.Edges {
-		if _, ok := lookup[FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)]; !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'from' resource!")
-		}
-		if _, ok := lookup[FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)]; !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'to' resource!")
-		}
-		if _, ok := lookup[FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)][e.From.Name]; !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'from' name!")
-		}
-		if _, ok := lookup[FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)][e.To.Name]; !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'to' name!")
-		}
-		graph.AddEdge(lookup[FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)][e.From.Name], lookup[FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)][e.To.Name], NewEdge(e.Name))
-	}
-
-	return graph, nil
-}
-
-// add edges to the vertex in a graph based on if it matches a uuid list
-func (g *Graph) addEdgesByMatchingUUIDS(v *Vertex, uuids []ResUUID) []bool {
-	// search for edges and see what matches!
-	var result []bool
-
-	// loop through each uuid, and see if it matches any vertex
-	for _, uuid := range uuids {
-		var found = false
-		// uuid is a ResUUID object
-		for _, vv := range g.GetVertices() { // search
-			if v == vv { // skip self
-				continue
-			}
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("Compile: AutoEdge: Match: %v[%v] with UUID: %v[%v]", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName(), uuid.Kind(), uuid.GetName())
-			}
-			// we must match to an effective UUID for the resource,
-			// that is to say, the name value of a res is a helpful
-			// handle, but it is not necessarily a unique identity!
-			// remember, resources can return multiple UUID's each!
-			if UUIDExistsInUUIDs(uuid, vv.GetUUIDs()) {
-				// add edge from: vv -> v
-				if uuid.Reversed() {
-					txt := fmt.Sprintf("AutoEdge: %v[%v] -> %v[%v]", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName(), v.Kind(), v.GetName())
-					log.Printf("Compile: Adding %v", txt)
-					g.AddEdge(vv, v, NewEdge(txt))
-				} else { // edges go the "normal" way, eg: pkg resource
-					txt := fmt.Sprintf("AutoEdge: %v[%v] -> %v[%v]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), vv.Kind(), vv.GetName())
-					log.Printf("Compile: Adding %v", txt)
-					g.AddEdge(v, vv, NewEdge(txt))
-				}
-				found = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		result = append(result, found)
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-// AutoEdges adds the automatic edges to the graph.
-func (g *Graph) AutoEdges() {
-	log.Println("Compile: Adding AutoEdges...")
-	for _, v := range g.GetVertices() { // for each vertexes autoedges
-		if !v.Meta().AutoEdge { // is the metaparam true?
-			continue
-		}
-		autoEdgeObj := v.AutoEdges()
-		if autoEdgeObj == nil {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Config: No auto edges were found!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
-			continue // next vertex
-		}
-
-		for { // while the autoEdgeObj has more uuids to add...
-			uuids := autoEdgeObj.Next() // get some!
-			if uuids == nil {
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Config: The auto edge list is empty!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
-				break // inner loop
-			}
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Println("Compile: AutoEdge: UUIDS:")
-				for i, u := range uuids {
-					log.Printf("Compile: AutoEdge: UUID%d: %v", i, u)
-				}
-			}
-
-			// match and add edges
-			result := g.addEdgesByMatchingUUIDS(v, uuids)
-
-			// report back, and find out if we should continue
-			if !autoEdgeObj.Test(result) {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// AutoGrouper is the required interface to implement for an autogroup algorithm
-type AutoGrouper interface {
-	// listed in the order these are typically called in...
-	name() string                                  // friendly identifier
-	init(*Graph) error                             // only call once
-	vertexNext() (*Vertex, *Vertex, error)         // mostly algorithmic
-	vertexCmp(*Vertex, *Vertex) error              // can we merge these ?
-	vertexMerge(*Vertex, *Vertex) (*Vertex, error) // vertex merge fn to use
-	edgeMerge(*Edge, *Edge) *Edge                  // edge merge fn to use
-	vertexTest(bool) (bool, error)                 // call until false
-}
-
-// baseGrouper is the base type for implementing the AutoGrouper interface
-type baseGrouper struct {
-	graph    *Graph    // store a pointer to the graph
-	vertices []*Vertex // cached list of vertices
-	i        int
-	j        int
-	done     bool
-}
-
-// name provides a friendly name for the logs to see
-func (ag *baseGrouper) name() string {
-	return "baseGrouper"
-}
-
-// init is called only once and before using other AutoGrouper interface methods
-// the name method is the only exception: call it any time without side effects!
-func (ag *baseGrouper) init(g *Graph) error {
-	if ag.graph != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("The init method has already been called!")
-	}
-	ag.graph = g                               // pointer
-	ag.vertices = ag.graph.GetVerticesSorted() // cache in deterministic order!
-	ag.i = 0
-	ag.j = 0
-	if len(ag.vertices) == 0 { // empty graph
-		ag.done = true
-		return nil
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// vertexNext is a simple iterator that loops through vertex (pair) combinations
-// an intelligent algorithm would selectively offer only valid pairs of vertices
-// these should satisfy logical grouping requirements for the autogroup designs!
-// the desired algorithms can override, but keep this method as a base iterator!
-func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexNext() (v1, v2 *Vertex, err error) {
-	// this does a for v... { for w... { return v, w }} but stepwise!
-	l := len(ag.vertices)
-	if ag.i < l {
-		v1 = ag.vertices[ag.i]
-	}
-	if ag.j < l {
-		v2 = ag.vertices[ag.j]
-	}
-
-	// in case the vertex was deleted
-	if !ag.graph.HasVertex(v1) {
-		v1 = nil
-	}
-	if !ag.graph.HasVertex(v2) {
-		v2 = nil
-	}
-
-	// two nested loops...
-	if ag.j < l {
-		ag.j++
-	}
-	if ag.j == l {
-		ag.j = 0
-		if ag.i < l {
-			ag.i++
-		}
-		if ag.i == l {
-			ag.done = true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return
-}
-
-func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexCmp(v1, v2 *Vertex) error {
-	if v1 == nil || v2 == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Vertex is nil!")
-	}
-	if v1 == v2 { // skip yourself
-		return fmt.Errorf("Vertices are the same!")
-	}
-	if v1.Kind() != v2.Kind() { // we must group similar kinds
-		// TODO: maybe future resources won't need this limitation?
-		return fmt.Errorf("The two resources aren't the same kind!")
-	}
-	// someone doesn't want to group!
-	if !v1.Meta().AutoGroup || !v2.Meta().AutoGroup {
-		return fmt.Errorf("One of the autogroup flags is false!")
-	}
-	if v1.Res.IsGrouped() { // already grouped!
-		return fmt.Errorf("Already grouped!")
-	}
-	if len(v2.Res.GetGroup()) > 0 { // already has children grouped!
-		return fmt.Errorf("Already has groups!")
-	}
-	if !v1.Res.GroupCmp(v2.Res) { // resource groupcmp failed!
-		return fmt.Errorf("The GroupCmp failed!")
-	}
-	return nil // success
-}
-
-func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexMerge(v1, v2 *Vertex) (v *Vertex, err error) {
-	// NOTE: it's important to use w.Res instead of w, b/c
-	// the w by itself is the *Vertex obj, not the *Res obj
-	// which is contained within it! They both satisfy the
-	// Res interface, which is why both will compile! :(
-	err = v1.Res.GroupRes(v2.Res) // GroupRes skips stupid groupings
-	return                        // success or fail, and no need to merge the actual vertices!
-}
-
-func (ag *baseGrouper) edgeMerge(e1, e2 *Edge) *Edge {
-	return e1 // noop
-}
-
-// vertexTest processes the results of the grouping for the algorithm to know
-// return an error if something went horribly wrong, and bool false to stop
-func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexTest(b bool) (bool, error) {
-	// NOTE: this particular baseGrouper version doesn't track what happens
-	// because since we iterate over every pair, we don't care which merge!
-	if ag.done {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	return true, nil
-}
-
-// TODO: this algorithm may not be correct in all cases. replace if needed!
-type nonReachabilityGrouper struct {
-	baseGrouper // "inherit" what we want, and reimplement the rest
-}
-
-func (ag *nonReachabilityGrouper) name() string {
-	return "nonReachabilityGrouper"
-}
-
-// this algorithm relies on the observation that if there's a path from a to b,
-// then they *can't* be merged (b/c of the existing dependency) so therefore we
-// merge anything that *doesn't* satisfy this condition or that of the reverse!
-func (ag *nonReachabilityGrouper) vertexNext() (v1, v2 *Vertex, err error) {
-	for {
-		v1, v2, err = ag.baseGrouper.vertexNext() // get all iterable pairs
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexNext): %v", err)
-		}
-
-		if v1 != v2 { // ignore self cmp early (perf optimization)
-			// if NOT reachable, they're viable...
-			out1 := ag.graph.Reachability(v1, v2)
-			out2 := ag.graph.Reachability(v2, v1)
-			if len(out1) == 0 && len(out2) == 0 {
-				return // return v1 and v2, they're viable
-			}
-		}
-
-		// if we got here, it means we're skipping over this candidate!
-		if ok, err := ag.baseGrouper.vertexTest(false); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexTest): %v", err)
-		} else if !ok {
-			return nil, nil, nil // done!
-		}
-
-		// the vertexTest passed, so loop and try with a new pair...
-	}
-}
-
-// autoGroup is the mechanical auto group "runner" that runs the interface spec
-func (g *Graph) autoGroup(ag AutoGrouper) chan string {
-	strch := make(chan string) // output log messages here
-	go func(strch chan string) {
-		strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: Algorithm: %v...", ag.name())
-		if err := ag.init(g); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(init): %v", err)
-		}
-
-		for {
-			var v, w *Vertex
-			v, w, err := ag.vertexNext() // get pair to compare
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexNext): %v", err)
-			}
-			merged := false
-			// save names since they change during the runs
-			vStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s", v) // valid even if it is nil
-			wStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s", w)
-
-			if err := ag.vertexCmp(v, w); err != nil { // cmp ?
-				if DEBUG {
-					strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: !GroupCmp for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
-				}
-
-				// remove grouped vertex and merge edges (res is safe)
-			} else if err := g.VertexMerge(v, w, ag.vertexMerge, ag.edgeMerge); err != nil { // merge...
-				strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: !VertexMerge for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
-
-			} else { // success!
-				strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: Success for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
-				merged = true // woo
-			}
-
-			// did these get used?
-			if ok, err := ag.vertexTest(merged); err != nil {
-				log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexTest): %v", err)
-			} else if !ok {
-				break // done!
-			}
-		}
-
-		close(strch)
-		return
-	}(strch) // call function
-	return strch
-}
-
-// AutoGroup runs the auto grouping on the graph and prints out log messages
-func (g *Graph) AutoGroup() {
-	// receive log messages from channel...
-	// this allows test cases to avoid printing them when they're unwanted!
-	// TODO: this algorithm may not be correct in all cases. replace if needed!
-	for str := range g.autoGroup(&nonReachabilityGrouper{}) {
-		log.Println(str)
-	}
-}
--- a/configwatch.go
+++ b/configwatch.go
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-// Mgmt
-// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
-// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
-//
-// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
-	//"github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify" // git master of "gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
-	"log"
-	"math"
-	"path"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
-	"syscall"
-)
-
-// ConfigWatcher returns events on a channel anytime one of its files events.
-type ConfigWatcher struct {
-	ch        chan string
-	wg        sync.WaitGroup
-	closechan chan struct{}
-}
-
-// NewConfigWatcher creates a new ConfigWatcher struct.
-func NewConfigWatcher() *ConfigWatcher {
-	return &ConfigWatcher{
-		ch:        make(chan string),
-		closechan: make(chan struct{}),
-	}
-}
-
-// The Add method adds a new file path to watch for events on.
-func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Add(file ...string) {
-	if len(file) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	if len(file) > 1 {
-		for _, f := range file { // add all the files...
-			obj.Add(f) // recurse
-		}
-		return
-	}
-	// otherwise, add the one file passed in...
-	obj.wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer obj.wg.Done()
-		ch := ConfigWatch(file[0])
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ch:
-				obj.ch <- file[0]
-				continue
-			case <-obj.closechan:
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-}
-
-// Events returns a channel to listen on for file events. It closes when it is
-// emptied after the Close() method is called. You can test for closure with the
-// f, more := <-obj.Events() pattern.
-func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Events() chan string {
-	return obj.ch
-}
-
-// Close shuts down the ConfigWatcher object. It closes the Events channel after
-// all the currently pending events have been emptied.
-func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Close() {
-	if obj.ch == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	close(obj.closechan)
-	obj.wg.Wait() // wait until everyone is done sending on obj.ch
-	//obj.ch <- "" // send finished message
-	close(obj.ch)
-	obj.ch = nil
-}
-
-// ConfigWatch writes on the channel everytime an event is seen for the path.
-// XXX: it would be great if we could reuse code between this and the file resource
-// XXX: patch this to submit it as part of go-fsnotify if they're interested...
-func ConfigWatch(file string) chan bool {
-	ch := make(chan bool)
-	go func() {
-		var safename = path.Clean(file) // no trailing slash
-
-		watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		defer watcher.Close()
-
-		patharray := PathSplit(safename) // tokenize the path
-		var index = len(patharray)       // starting index
-		var current string               // current "watcher" location
-		var deltaDepth int               // depth delta between watcher and event
-		var send = false                 // send event?
-
-		for {
-			current = strings.Join(patharray[0:index], "/")
-			if current == "" { // the empty string top is the root dir ("/")
-				current = "/"
-			}
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("Watching: %v", current) // attempting to watch...
-			}
-			// initialize in the loop so that we can reset on rm-ed handles
-			err = watcher.Add(current)
-			if err != nil {
-				if err == syscall.ENOENT {
-					index-- // usually not found, move up one dir
-				} else if err == syscall.ENOSPC {
-					// XXX: occasionally: no space left on device,
-					// XXX: probably due to lack of inotify watches
-					log.Printf("Out of inotify watches for config(%v)", file)
-					log.Fatal(err)
-				} else {
-					log.Printf("Unknown config(%v) error:", file)
-					log.Fatal(err)
-				}
-				index = int(math.Max(1, float64(index)))
-				continue
-			}
-
-			select {
-			case event := <-watcher.Events:
-				// the deeper you go, the bigger the deltaDepth is...
-				// this is the difference between what we're watching,
-				// and the event... doesn't mean we can't watch deeper
-				if current == event.Name {
-					deltaDepth = 0 // i was watching what i was looking for
-
-				} else if HasPathPrefix(event.Name, current) {
-					deltaDepth = len(PathSplit(current)) - len(PathSplit(event.Name)) // -1 or less
-
-				} else if HasPathPrefix(current, event.Name) {
-					deltaDepth = len(PathSplit(event.Name)) - len(PathSplit(current)) // +1 or more
-
-				} else {
-					// TODO different watchers get each others events!
-					// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/95
-					// this happened with two values such as:
-					// event.Name: /tmp/mgmt/f3 and current: /tmp/mgmt/f2
-					continue
-				}
-				//log.Printf("The delta depth is: %v", deltaDepth)
-
-				// if we have what we wanted, awesome, send an event...
-				if event.Name == safename {
-					//log.Println("Event!")
-					// TODO: filter out some of the events, is Write a sufficient minimum?
-					if event.Op&fsnotify.Write == fsnotify.Write {
-						send = true
-					}
-
-					// file removed, move the watch upwards
-					if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
-						//log.Println("Removal!")
-						watcher.Remove(current)
-						index--
-					}
-
-					// we must be a parent watcher, so descend in
-					if deltaDepth < 0 {
-						watcher.Remove(current)
-						index++
-					}
-
-					// if safename starts with event.Name, we're above, and no event should be sent
-				} else if HasPathPrefix(safename, event.Name) {
-					//log.Println("Above!")
-
-					if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
-						log.Println("Removal!")
-						watcher.Remove(current)
-						index--
-					}
-
-					if deltaDepth < 0 {
-						log.Println("Parent!")
-						if PathPrefixDelta(safename, event.Name) == 1 { // we're the parent dir
-							//send = true
-						}
-						watcher.Remove(current)
-						index++
-					}
-
-					// if event.Name startswith safename, send event, we're already deeper
-				} else if HasPathPrefix(event.Name, safename) {
-					//log.Println("Event2!")
-					//send = true
-				}
-
-			case err := <-watcher.Errors:
-				log.Printf("error: %v", err)
-				log.Fatal(err)
-
-			}
-
-			// do our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
-			if send {
-				send = false
-				ch <- true
-			}
-		}
-		//close(ch)
-	}()
-	return ch
-}
--- a/converger/converger.go
+++ b/converger/converger.go
@@ -15,35 +15,38 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+// Package converger is a facility for reporting the converged state.
+package converger

 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
 )

 // TODO: we could make a new function that masks out the state of certain
-// UUID's, but at the moment the new Timer code has obsoleted the need...
+// UID's, but at the moment the new Timer code has obsoleted the need...

 // Converger is the general interface for implementing a convergence watcher
 type Converger interface { // TODO: need a better name
-	Register() ConvergerUUID
-	IsConverged(ConvergerUUID) bool         // is the UUID converged ?
-	SetConverged(ConvergerUUID, bool) error // set the converged state of the UUID
-	Unregister(ConvergerUUID)
+	Register() ConvergerUID
+	IsConverged(ConvergerUID) bool         // is the UID converged ?
+	SetConverged(ConvergerUID, bool) error // set the converged state of the UID
+	Unregister(ConvergerUID)
 	Start()
 	Pause()
 	Loop(bool)
-	ConvergedTimer(ConvergerUUID) <-chan time.Time
+	ConvergedTimer(ConvergerUID) <-chan time.Time
 	Status() map[uint64]bool
 	Timeout() int                // returns the timeout that this was created with
 	SetStateFn(func(bool) error) // sets the stateFn
 }

-// ConvergerUUID is the interface resources can use to notify with if converged
+// ConvergerUID is the interface resources can use to notify with if converged
 // you'll need to use part of the Converger interface to Register initially too
-type ConvergerUUID interface {
+type ConvergerUID interface {
 	ID() uint64   // get Id
 	Name() string // get a friendly name
 	SetName(string)
@@ -70,8 +73,8 @@ type converger struct {
 	status    map[uint64]bool
 }

-// convergerUUID is an implementation of the ConvergerUUID interface
-type convergerUUID struct {
+// convergerUID is an implementation of the ConvergerUID interface
+type convergerUID struct {
 	converger Converger
 	id        uint64
 	name      string // user defined, friendly name
@@ -92,13 +95,13 @@ func NewConverger(timeout int, stateFn func(bool) error) *converger {
 	}
 }

-// Register assigns a ConvergerUUID to the caller
-func (obj *converger) Register() ConvergerUUID {
+// Register assigns a ConvergerUID to the caller
+func (obj *converger) Register() ConvergerUID {
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
 	defer obj.mutex.Unlock()
 	obj.lastid++
 	obj.status[obj.lastid] = false // initialize as not converged
-	return &convergerUUID{
+	return &convergerUID{
 		converger: obj,
 		id:        obj.lastid,
 		name:      fmt.Sprintf("%d", obj.lastid), // some default
@@ -107,32 +110,32 @@ func (obj *converger) Register() ConvergerUUID {
 	}
 }

-// IsConverged gets the converged status of a uuid
-func (obj *converger) IsConverged(uuid ConvergerUUID) bool {
-	if !uuid.IsValid() {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Id of ConvergerUUID(%s) is nil!", uuid.Name()))
+// IsConverged gets the converged status of a uid
+func (obj *converger) IsConverged(uid ConvergerUID) bool {
+	if !uid.IsValid() {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Id of ConvergerUID(%s) is nil!", uid.Name()))
 	}
 	obj.mutex.RLock()
-	isConverged, found := obj.status[uuid.ID()] // lookup
+	isConverged, found := obj.status[uid.ID()] // lookup
 	obj.mutex.RUnlock()
 	if !found {
-		panic("Id of ConvergerUUID is unregistered!")
+		panic("Id of ConvergerUID is unregistered!")
 	}
 	return isConverged
 }

-// SetConverged updates the converger with the converged state of the UUID
-func (obj *converger) SetConverged(uuid ConvergerUUID, isConverged bool) error {
-	if !uuid.IsValid() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Id of ConvergerUUID(%s) is nil!", uuid.Name())
+// SetConverged updates the converger with the converged state of the UID
+func (obj *converger) SetConverged(uid ConvergerUID, isConverged bool) error {
+	if !uid.IsValid() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Id of ConvergerUID(%s) is nil!", uid.Name())
 	}
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
-	if _, found := obj.status[uuid.ID()]; !found {
-		panic("Id of ConvergerUUID is unregistered!")
+	if _, found := obj.status[uid.ID()]; !found {
+		panic("Id of ConvergerUID is unregistered!")
 	}
-	obj.status[uuid.ID()] = isConverged // set
-	obj.mutex.Unlock()                  // unlock *before* poke or deadlock!
-	if isConverged != obj.converged {   // only poke if it would be helpful
+	obj.status[uid.ID()] = isConverged // set
+	obj.mutex.Unlock()                 // unlock *before* poke or deadlock!
+	if isConverged != obj.converged {  // only poke if it would be helpful
 		// run in a go routine so that we never block... just queue up!
 		// this allows us to send events, even if we haven't started...
 		go func() { obj.channel <- struct{}{} }()
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ func (obj *converger) SetConverged(uuid ConvergerUUID, isConverged bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-// isConverged returns true if *every* registered uuid has converged
+// isConverged returns true if *every* registered uid has converged
 func (obj *converger) isConverged() bool {
 	obj.mutex.RLock() // take a read lock
 	defer obj.mutex.RUnlock()
@@ -152,16 +155,16 @@ func (obj *converger) isConverged() bool {
 	return true
 }

-// Unregister dissociates the ConvergedUUID from the converged checking
-func (obj *converger) Unregister(uuid ConvergerUUID) {
-	if !uuid.IsValid() {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Id of ConvergerUUID(%s) is nil!", uuid.Name()))
+// Unregister dissociates the ConvergedUID from the converged checking
+func (obj *converger) Unregister(uid ConvergerUID) {
+	if !uid.IsValid() {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Id of ConvergerUID(%s) is nil!", uid.Name()))
 	}
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
-	uuid.StopTimer() // ignore any errors
-	delete(obj.status, uuid.ID())
+	uid.StopTimer() // ignore any errors
+	delete(obj.status, uid.ID())
 	obj.mutex.Unlock()
-	uuid.InvalidateID()
+	uid.InvalidateID()
 }

 // Start causes a Converger object to start or resume running
@@ -242,18 +245,18 @@ func (obj *converger) Loop(startPaused bool) {

 // ConvergedTimer adds a timeout to a select call and blocks until then
 // TODO: this means we could eventually have per resource converged timeouts
-func (obj *converger) ConvergedTimer(uuid ConvergerUUID) <-chan time.Time {
+func (obj *converger) ConvergedTimer(uid ConvergerUID) <-chan time.Time {
 	// be clever: if i'm already converged, this timeout should block which
 	// avoids unnecessary new signals being sent! this avoids fast loops if
 	// we have a low timeout, or in particular a timeout == 0
-	if uuid.IsConverged() {
+	if uid.IsConverged() {
 		// blocks the case statement in select forever!
-		return TimeAfterOrBlock(-1)
+		return util.TimeAfterOrBlock(-1)
 	}
-	return TimeAfterOrBlock(obj.timeout)
+	return util.TimeAfterOrBlock(obj.timeout)
 }

-// Status returns a map of the converged status of each UUID.
+// Status returns a map of the converged status of each UID.
 func (obj *converger) Status() map[uint64]bool {
 	status := make(map[uint64]bool)
 	obj.mutex.RLock() // take a read lock
@@ -276,53 +279,53 @@ func (obj *converger) SetStateFn(stateFn func(bool) error) {
 	obj.stateFn = stateFn
 }

-// Id returns the unique id of this UUID object
-func (obj *convergerUUID) ID() uint64 {
+// Id returns the unique id of this UID object
+func (obj *convergerUID) ID() uint64 {
 	return obj.id
 }

-// Name returns a user defined name for the specific convergerUUID.
-func (obj *convergerUUID) Name() string {
+// Name returns a user defined name for the specific convergerUID.
+func (obj *convergerUID) Name() string {
 	return obj.name
 }

-// SetName sets a user defined name for the specific convergerUUID.
-func (obj *convergerUUID) SetName(name string) {
+// SetName sets a user defined name for the specific convergerUID.
+func (obj *convergerUID) SetName(name string) {
 	obj.name = name
 }

 // IsValid tells us if the id is valid or has already been destroyed
-func (obj *convergerUUID) IsValid() bool {
+func (obj *convergerUID) IsValid() bool {
 	return obj.id != 0 // an id of 0 is invalid
 }

 // InvalidateID marks the id as no longer valid
-func (obj *convergerUUID) InvalidateID() {
+func (obj *convergerUID) InvalidateID() {
 	obj.id = 0 // an id of 0 is invalid
 }

 // IsConverged is a helper function to the regular IsConverged method
-func (obj *convergerUUID) IsConverged() bool {
+func (obj *convergerUID) IsConverged() bool {
 	return obj.converger.IsConverged(obj)
 }

 // SetConverged is a helper function to the regular SetConverged notification
-func (obj *convergerUUID) SetConverged(isConverged bool) error {
+func (obj *convergerUID) SetConverged(isConverged bool) error {
 	return obj.converger.SetConverged(obj, isConverged)
 }

 // Unregister is a helper function to unregister myself
-func (obj *convergerUUID) Unregister() {
+func (obj *convergerUID) Unregister() {
 	obj.converger.Unregister(obj)
 }

 // ConvergedTimer is a helper around the regular ConvergedTimer method
-func (obj *convergerUUID) ConvergedTimer() <-chan time.Time {
+func (obj *convergerUID) ConvergedTimer() <-chan time.Time {
 	return obj.converger.ConvergedTimer(obj)
 }

 // StartTimer runs an invisible timer that automatically converges on timeout.
-func (obj *convergerUUID) StartTimer() (func() error, error) {
+func (obj *convergerUID) StartTimer() (func() error, error) {
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
 	if !obj.running {
 		obj.timer = make(chan struct{})
@@ -356,7 +359,7 @@ func (obj *convergerUUID) StartTimer() (func() error, error) {
 }

 // ResetTimer resets the counter to zero if using a StartTimer internally.
-func (obj *convergerUUID) ResetTimer() error {
+func (obj *convergerUID) ResetTimer() error {
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
 	defer obj.mutex.Unlock()
 	if obj.running {
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@ func (obj *convergerUUID) ResetTimer() error {
 }

 // StopTimer stops the running timer permanently until a StartTimer is run.
-func (obj *convergerUUID) StopTimer() error {
+func (obj *convergerUID) StopTimer() error {
 	obj.mutex.Lock()
 	defer obj.mutex.Unlock()
 	if !obj.running {
--- a/main_test.go
+++ b/main_test.go
@@ -15,12 +15,5 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+// Package main provides the main entrypoint for using the `mgmt` software.
 package main
-
-import (
-//"testing"
-)
-
-//func TestT1(t *testing.T) {
-
-//}
--- a/etcd/etcd.go
+++ b/etcd/etcd.go
@@ -24,16 +24,8 @@
 // TODO: Auto assign ports/ip's for peers (if possible)
 // TODO: Fix godoc

-// Smoke testing:
-// ./mgmt run --file examples/etcd1a.yaml --hostname h1
-// ./mgmt run --file examples/etcd1b.yaml --hostname h2 --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2381 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2382
-// ./mgmt run --file examples/etcd1c.yaml --hostname h3 --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2383 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2384
-// ./mgmt run --file examples/etcd1d.yaml --hostname h4 --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2385 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2386
-// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2379 member list
-// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2381 member list
-// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2379 put /_mgmt/idealClusterSize 3
-// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2381 put /_mgmt/idealClusterSize 5
-
+// Package etcd implements the distributed key value store integration.
+// This also takes care of managing and clustering the embedded etcd server.
 // The elastic etcd algorithm works in the following way:
 // * When you start up mgmt, you can pass it a list of seeds.
 // * If no seeds are given, then assume you are the first server and startup.
@@ -42,7 +34,18 @@
 // * If a client has been nominated, it should startup a server.
 // * All servers should list for their nomination to be removed and shutdown if so.
 // * The elected leader should decide who to nominate/unnominate to keep the right number of servers.
-package main
+//
+// Smoke testing:
+// mkdir /tmp/mgmt{A..E}
+// ./mgmt run --yaml examples/etcd1a.yaml --hostname h1 --tmp-prefix
+// ./mgmt run --yaml examples/etcd1b.yaml --hostname h2 --tmp-prefix --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2381 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2382
+// ./mgmt run --yaml examples/etcd1c.yaml --hostname h3 --tmp-prefix --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2383 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2384
+// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2379 put /_mgmt/idealClusterSize 3
+// ./mgmt run --yaml examples/etcd1d.yaml --hostname h4 --tmp-prefix --seeds http://127.0.0.1:2379 --client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2385 --server-urls http://127.0.0.1:2386
+// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2379 member list
+// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2381 put /_mgmt/idealClusterSize 5
+// ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints 127.0.0.1:2381 member list
+package etcd

 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -59,6 +62,11 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/converger"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
 	etcd "github.com/coreos/etcd/clientv3" // "clientv3"
 	"github.com/coreos/etcd/embed"
 	"github.com/coreos/etcd/etcdserver"
@@ -78,7 +86,7 @@ const (
 	maxClientConnectRetries = 5       // number of times to retry consecutive connect failures
 	selfRemoveTimeout       = 3       // give unnominated members a chance to self exit
 	exitDelay               = 3       // number of sec of inactivity after exit to clean up
-	defaultIdealClusterSize = 5       // default ideal cluster size target for initial seed
+	DefaultIdealClusterSize = 5       // default ideal cluster size target for initial seed
 	DefaultClientURL        = "127.0.0.1:2379"
 	DefaultServerURL        = "127.0.0.1:2380"
 )
@@ -94,7 +102,7 @@ type AW struct {
 	callback   func(*RE) error
 	errCheck   bool
 	skipConv   bool // ask event to skip converger updates
-	resp       Resp
+	resp       event.Resp
 	cancelFunc func() // data
 }

@@ -116,7 +124,7 @@ type KV struct {
 	key   string
 	value string
 	opts  []etcd.OpOption
-	resp  Resp
+	resp  event.Resp
 }

 // GQ is a struct for the get queue
@@ -124,7 +132,7 @@ type GQ struct {
 	path     string
 	skipConv bool
 	opts     []etcd.OpOption
-	resp     Resp
+	resp     event.Resp
 	data     map[string]string
 }

@@ -132,7 +140,7 @@ type GQ struct {
 type DL struct {
 	path string
 	opts []etcd.OpOption
-	resp Resp
+	resp event.Resp
 	data int64
 }

@@ -141,10 +149,17 @@ type TN struct {
 	ifcmps  []etcd.Cmp
 	thenops []etcd.Op
 	elseops []etcd.Op
-	resp    Resp
+	resp    event.Resp
 	data    *etcd.TxnResponse
 }

+// Flags are some constant flags which are used throughout the program.
+type Flags struct {
+	Debug   bool // add additional log messages
+	Trace   bool // add execution flow log messages
+	Verbose bool // add extra log message output
+}
+
 // EmbdEtcd provides the embedded server and client etcd functionality
 type EmbdEtcd struct { // EMBeddeD etcd
 	// etcd client connection related
@@ -181,8 +196,9 @@ type EmbdEtcd struct { // EMBeddeD etcd
 	delq    chan *DL // delete queue
 	txnq    chan *TN // txn queue

-	prefix    string    // folder prefix to use for misc storage
-	converger Converger // converged tracking
+	flags     Flags
+	prefix    string              // folder prefix to use for misc storage
+	converger converger.Converger // converged tracking

 	// etcd server related
 	serverwg sync.WaitGroup // wait for server to shutdown
@@ -191,7 +207,7 @@ type EmbdEtcd struct { // EMBeddeD etcd
 }

 // NewEmbdEtcd creates the top level embedded etcd struct client and server obj
-func NewEmbdEtcd(hostname string, seeds, clientURLs, serverURLs etcdtypes.URLs, noServer bool, idealClusterSize uint16, prefix string, converger Converger) *EmbdEtcd {
+func NewEmbdEtcd(hostname string, seeds, clientURLs, serverURLs etcdtypes.URLs, noServer bool, idealClusterSize uint16, flags Flags, prefix string, converger converger.Converger) *EmbdEtcd {
 	endpoints := make(etcdtypes.URLsMap)
 	if hostname == seedSentinel { // safety
 		return nil
@@ -220,6 +236,7 @@ func NewEmbdEtcd(hostname string, seeds, clientURLs, serverURLs etcdtypes.URLs,

 		idealClusterSize: idealClusterSize,
 		converger:        converger,
+		flags:            flags,
 		prefix:           prefix,
 		dataDir:          path.Join(prefix, "etcd"),
 	}
@@ -264,7 +281,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) GetConfig() etcd.Config {
 // Connect connects the client to a server, and then builds the *API structs.
 // If reconnect is true, it will force a reconnect with new config endpoints.
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Connect(reconnect bool) error {
-	if DEBUG {
+	if obj.flags.Debug {
 		log.Println("Etcd: Connect...")
 	}
 	obj.cLock.Lock()
@@ -520,29 +537,29 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CtxError(ctx context.Context, err error) (context.Context,
 	var isTimeout = false
 	var iter int // = 0
 	if ctxerr, ok := ctx.Value(ctxErr).(error); ok {
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: err(%v), ctxerr(%v)", err, ctxerr)
 		}
 		if i, ok := ctx.Value(ctxIter).(int); ok {
 			iter = i + 1 // load and increment
-			if DEBUG {
+			if obj.flags.Debug {
 				log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: Iter: %v", iter)
 			}
 		}
 		isTimeout = err == context.DeadlineExceeded
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: isTimeout: %v", isTimeout)
 		}
 		if !isTimeout {
 			iter = 0 // reset timer
 		}
 		err = ctxerr // restore error
-	} else if DEBUG {
+	} else if obj.flags.Debug {
 		log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: No value found")
 	}
 	ctxHelper := func(tmin, texp, tmax int) context.Context {
 		t := expBackoff(tmin, texp, iter, tmax)
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: Timeout: %v", t)
 		}

@@ -629,13 +646,13 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CtxError(ctx context.Context, err error) (context.Context,
 		fallthrough
 	case isGrpc(grpc.ErrClientConnClosing):

-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: Error(%T): %+v", err, err)
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Endpoints are: %v", obj.client.Endpoints())
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Client endpoints are: %v", obj.endpoints)
 		}

-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: Locking...")
 		}
 		obj.rLock.Lock()
@@ -656,7 +673,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CtxError(ctx context.Context, err error) (context.Context,
 			obj.ctxErr = fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Permanent connect error: %v", err)
 			return ctx, obj.ctxErr
 		}
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: CtxError: Unlocking...")
 		}
 		obj.rLock.Unlock()
@@ -683,24 +700,24 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CtxError(ctx context.Context, err error) (context.Context,

 // CbLoop is the loop where callback execution is serialized
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CbLoop() {
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	cuuid.SetName("Etcd: CbLoop")
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	cuid.SetName("Etcd: CbLoop")
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
 	if e := obj.Connect(false); e != nil {
 		return // fatal
 	}
 	// we use this timer because when we ignore un-converge events and loop,
 	// we reset the ConvergedTimer case statement, ruining the timeout math!
-	cuuid.StartTimer()
+	cuid.StartTimer()
 	for {
 		ctx := context.Background() // TODO: inherit as input argument?
 		select {
 		// etcd watcher event
 		case re := <-obj.wevents:
 			if !re.skipConv { // if we want to count it...
-				cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+				cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: CbLoop: Event: StartLoop")
 			}
 			for {
@@ -708,11 +725,11 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CbLoop() {
 					//re.resp.NACK() // nope!
 					break
 				}
-				if TRACE {
+				if obj.flags.Trace {
 					log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: CbLoop: rawCallback()")
 				}
 				err := rawCallback(ctx, re)
-				if TRACE {
+				if obj.flags.Trace {
 					log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: CbLoop: rawCallback(): %v", err)
 				}
 				if err == nil {
@@ -724,14 +741,14 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CbLoop() {
 					break // TODO: it's bad, break or return?
 				}
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: CbLoop: Event: FinishLoop")
 			}

 		// exit loop commit
 		case <-obj.exitTimeout:
 			log.Println("Etcd: Exiting callback loop!")
-			cuuid.StopTimer() // clean up nicely
+			cuid.StopTimer() // clean up nicely
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -739,24 +756,24 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) CbLoop() {

 // Loop is the main loop where everything is serialized
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	cuuid.SetName("Etcd: Loop")
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	cuid.SetName("Etcd: Loop")
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
 	if e := obj.Connect(false); e != nil {
 		return // fatal
 	}
-	cuuid.StartTimer()
+	cuid.StartTimer()
 	for {
 		ctx := context.Background() // TODO: inherit as input argument?
 		// priority channel...
 		select {
 		case aw := <-obj.awq:
-			cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
-			if TRACE {
+			cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: PriorityAW: StartLoop")
 			}
 			obj.loopProcessAW(ctx, aw)
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: PriorityAW: FinishLoop")
 			}
 			continue // loop to drain the priority channel first!
@@ -767,19 +784,19 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 		select {
 		// add watcher
 		case aw := <-obj.awq:
-			cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
-			if TRACE {
+			cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: AW: StartLoop")
 			}
 			obj.loopProcessAW(ctx, aw)
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: AW: FinishLoop")
 			}

 		// set kv pair
 		case kv := <-obj.setq:
-			cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
-			if TRACE {
+			cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Set: StartLoop")
 			}
 			for {
@@ -796,16 +813,16 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 					break // TODO: it's bad, break or return?
 				}
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Set: FinishLoop")
 			}

 		// get value
 		case gq := <-obj.getq:
 			if !gq.skipConv {
-				cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+				cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Get: StartLoop")
 			}
 			for {
@@ -823,14 +840,14 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 					break // TODO: it's bad, break or return?
 				}
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Get: FinishLoop")
 			}

 		// delete value
 		case dl := <-obj.delq:
-			cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
-			if TRACE {
+			cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Delete: StartLoop")
 			}
 			for {
@@ -848,14 +865,14 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 					break // TODO: it's bad, break or return?
 				}
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Delete: FinishLoop")
 			}

 		// run txn
 		case tn := <-obj.txnq:
-			cuuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
-			if TRACE {
+			cuid.ResetTimer() // activity!
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Txn: StartLoop")
 			}
 			for {
@@ -873,7 +890,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 					break // TODO: it's bad, break or return?
 				}
 			}
-			if TRACE {
+			if obj.flags.Trace {
 				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: Loop: Txn: FinishLoop")
 			}

@@ -884,12 +901,12 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Loop() {
 			// seconds of inactivity in this select switch, which
 			// lets everything get bled dry to avoid blocking calls
 			// which would otherwise block us from exiting cleanly!
-			obj.exitTimeout = TimeAfterOrBlock(exitDelay)
+			obj.exitTimeout = util.TimeAfterOrBlock(exitDelay)

 		// exit loop commit
 		case <-obj.exitTimeout:
 			log.Println("Etcd: Exiting loop!")
-			cuuid.StopTimer() // clean up nicely
+			cuid.StopTimer() // clean up nicely
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -917,17 +934,17 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) loopProcessAW(ctx context.Context, aw *AW) {

 // Set queues up a set operation to occur using our mainloop
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Set(key, value string, opts ...etcd.OpOption) error {
-	resp := NewResp()
+	resp := event.NewResp()
 	obj.setq <- &KV{key: key, value: value, opts: opts, resp: resp}
-	if !resp.Wait() { // wait for ack/nack
-		return fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Set: Probably received an exit...")
+	if err := resp.Wait(); err != nil { // wait for ack/nack
+		return fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Set: Probably received an exit: %v", err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }

 // rawSet actually implements the key set operation
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawSet(ctx context.Context, kv *KV) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawSet()")
 	}
 	// key is the full key path
@@ -936,7 +953,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawSet(ctx context.Context, kv *KV) error {
 	response, err := obj.client.KV.Put(ctx, kv.key, kv.value, kv.opts...)
 	obj.rLock.RUnlock()
 	log.Printf("Etcd: Set(%s): %v", kv.key, response) // w00t... bonus
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawSet(): %v", err)
 	}
 	return err
@@ -951,17 +968,17 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Get(path string, opts ...etcd.OpOption) (map[string]string,
 // accept more arguments that are useful for the less common operations.
 // TODO: perhaps a get should never cause an un-converge ?
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) ComplexGet(path string, skipConv bool, opts ...etcd.OpOption) (map[string]string, error) {
-	resp := NewResp()
+	resp := event.NewResp()
 	gq := &GQ{path: path, skipConv: skipConv, opts: opts, resp: resp, data: nil}
-	obj.getq <- gq    // send
-	if !resp.Wait() { // wait for ack/nack
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Get: Probably received an exit...")
+	obj.getq <- gq                      // send
+	if err := resp.Wait(); err != nil { // wait for ack/nack
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Get: Probably received an exit: %v", err)
 	}
 	return gq.data, nil
 }

 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawGet(ctx context.Context, gq *GQ) (result map[string]string, err error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawGet()")
 	}
 	obj.rLock.RLock()
@@ -977,7 +994,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawGet(ctx context.Context, gq *GQ) (result map[string]stri
 		result[bytes.NewBuffer(x.Key).String()] = bytes.NewBuffer(x.Value).String()
 	}

-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawGet(): %v", result)
 	}
 	return
@@ -985,17 +1002,17 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawGet(ctx context.Context, gq *GQ) (result map[string]stri

 // Delete performs a delete operation and waits for an ACK to continue
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Delete(path string, opts ...etcd.OpOption) (int64, error) {
-	resp := NewResp()
+	resp := event.NewResp()
 	dl := &DL{path: path, opts: opts, resp: resp, data: -1}
-	obj.delq <- dl    // send
-	if !resp.Wait() { // wait for ack/nack
-		return -1, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Delete: Probably received an exit...")
+	obj.delq <- dl                      // send
+	if err := resp.Wait(); err != nil { // wait for ack/nack
+		return -1, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Delete: Probably received an exit: %v", err)
 	}
 	return dl.data, nil
 }

 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawDelete(ctx context.Context, dl *DL) (count int64, err error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawDelete()")
 	}
 	count = -1
@@ -1005,7 +1022,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawDelete(ctx context.Context, dl *DL) (count int64, err er
 	if err == nil {
 		count = response.Deleted
 	}
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawDelete(): %v", err)
 	}
 	return
@@ -1013,23 +1030,23 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawDelete(ctx context.Context, dl *DL) (count int64, err er

 // Txn performs a transaction and waits for an ACK to continue
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) Txn(ifcmps []etcd.Cmp, thenops, elseops []etcd.Op) (*etcd.TxnResponse, error) {
-	resp := NewResp()
+	resp := event.NewResp()
 	tn := &TN{ifcmps: ifcmps, thenops: thenops, elseops: elseops, resp: resp, data: nil}
-	obj.txnq <- tn    // send
-	if !resp.Wait() { // wait for ack/nack
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Txn: Probably received an exit...")
+	obj.txnq <- tn                      // send
+	if err := resp.Wait(); err != nil { // wait for ack/nack
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Txn: Probably received an exit: %v", err)
 	}
 	return tn.data, nil
 }

 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawTxn(ctx context.Context, tn *TN) (*etcd.TxnResponse, error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawTxn()")
 	}
 	obj.rLock.RLock()
 	response, err := obj.client.KV.Txn(ctx).If(tn.ifcmps...).Then(tn.thenops...).Else(tn.elseops...).Commit()
 	obj.rLock.RUnlock()
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawTxn(): %v, %v", response, err)
 	}
 	return response, err
@@ -1038,11 +1055,11 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawTxn(ctx context.Context, tn *TN) (*etcd.TxnResponse, err
 // AddWatcher queues up an add watcher request and returns a cancel function
 // Remember to add the etcd.WithPrefix() option if you want to watch recursively
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) AddWatcher(path string, callback func(re *RE) error, errCheck bool, skipConv bool, opts ...etcd.OpOption) (func(), error) {
-	resp := NewResp()
+	resp := event.NewResp()
 	awq := &AW{path: path, opts: opts, callback: callback, errCheck: errCheck, skipConv: skipConv, cancelFunc: nil, resp: resp}
-	obj.awq <- awq    // send
-	if !resp.Wait() { // wait for ack/nack
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: AddWatcher: Got NACK!")
+	obj.awq <- awq                      // send
+	if err := resp.Wait(); err != nil { // wait for ack/nack
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: AddWatcher: Got NACK: %v", err)
 	}
 	return awq.cancelFunc, nil
 }
@@ -1063,7 +1080,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawAddWatcher(ctx context.Context, aw *AW) (func(), error)
 			err := response.Err()
 			isCanceled := response.Canceled || err == context.Canceled
 			if response.Header.Revision == 0 { // by inspection
-				if DEBUG {
+				if obj.flags.Debug {
 					log.Printf("Etcd: Watch: Received empty message!") // switched client connection
 				}
 				isCanceled = true
@@ -1077,14 +1094,14 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) rawAddWatcher(ctx context.Context, aw *AW) (func(), error)
 			}

 			if err == nil { // watch from latest good revision
-				rev = response.Header.Revision // TODO +1 ?
+				rev = response.Header.Revision // TODO: +1 ?
 				useRev = true
 				if !locked {
 					retry = false
 				}
 				locked = false
 			} else {
-				if DEBUG {
+				if obj.flags.Debug {
 					log.Printf("Etcd: Watch: Error: %v", err) // probably fixable
 				}
 				// this new context is the fix for a tricky set
@@ -1133,9 +1150,6 @@ func rawCallback(ctx context.Context, re *RE) error {
 			// NOTE: the callback must *not* block!
 			// FIXME: do we need to pass ctx in via *RE, or in the callback signature ?
 			err = callback(re) // run the callback
-			if TRACE {
-				log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: rawCallback(): %v", err)
-			}
 			if !re.errCheck || err == nil {
 				return nil
 			}
@@ -1151,7 +1165,7 @@ func rawCallback(ctx context.Context, re *RE) error {
 // FIXME: we might need to respond to member change/disconnect/shutdown events,
 // see: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/issues/5277
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: volunteerCallback()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: volunteerCallback(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1178,7 +1192,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Members: Error: %+v", err)
 	}
-	members := StrMapValuesUint64(membersMap) // get values
+	members := util.StrMapValuesUint64(membersMap) // get values
 	log.Printf("Etcd: Members: List: %+v", members)

 	// we only do *one* change operation at a time so that the cluster can
@@ -1224,7 +1238,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
 	log.Printf("Etcd: Volunteers: %v", volunteers)

 	// unnominate anyone that unvolunteers, so that they can shutdown cleanly
-	quitters := StrFilterElementsInList(volunteers, members)
+	quitters := util.StrFilterElementsInList(volunteers, members)
 	log.Printf("Etcd: Quitters: %v", quitters)

 	// if we're the only member left, just shutdown...
@@ -1236,7 +1250,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	candidates := StrFilterElementsInList(members, volunteers)
+	candidates := util.StrFilterElementsInList(members, volunteers)
 	log.Printf("Etcd: Candidates: %v", candidates)

 	// TODO: switch to < 0 so that we can shut the whole cluster down with 0
@@ -1291,7 +1305,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
 		log.Printf("Etcd: Quitters: Shutting down %d members...", lq)
 	}
 	for _, quitter := range quitters {
-		mID, ok := Uint64KeyFromStrInMap(quitter, membersMap)
+		mID, ok := util.Uint64KeyFromStrInMap(quitter, membersMap)
 		if !ok {
 			// programming error
 			log.Fatalf("Etcd: Member Remove: Error: %v(%v) not in members list!", quitter, mID)
@@ -1339,7 +1353,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) volunteerCallback(re *RE) error {
 // nominateCallback runs to respond to the nomination list change events
 // functionally, it controls the starting and stopping of the server process
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: nominateCallback()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: nominateCallback(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1388,10 +1402,10 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {
 	_, exists := obj.nominated[obj.hostname]
 	// FIXME: can we get rid of the len(obj.nominated) == 0 ?
 	newCluster := len(obj.nominated) == 0 || (len(obj.nominated) == 1 && exists)
-	if DEBUG {
+	if obj.flags.Debug {
 		log.Printf("Etcd: nominateCallback(): newCluster: %v; exists: %v; obj.server == nil: %t", newCluster, exists, obj.server == nil)
 	}
-	// XXX check if i have actually volunteered first of all...
+	// XXX: check if i have actually volunteered first of all...
 	if obj.server == nil && (newCluster || exists) {

 		log.Printf("Etcd: StartServer(newCluster: %t): %+v", newCluster, obj.nominated)
@@ -1400,8 +1414,12 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {
 			obj.nominated, // other peer members and urls or empty map
 		)
 		if err != nil {
+			var retries uint
+			if re != nil {
+				retries = re.retries
+			}
 			// retry maxStartServerRetries times, then permanently fail
-			return &CtxRetriesErr{maxStartServerRetries - re.retries, fmt.Sprintf("Etcd: StartServer: Error: %+v", err)}
+			return &CtxRetriesErr{maxStartServerRetries - retries, fmt.Sprintf("Etcd: StartServer: Error: %+v", err)}
 		}

 		if len(obj.endpoints) == 0 {
@@ -1418,7 +1436,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {
 			// XXX: just put this wherever for now so we don't block
 			// nominate self so "member" list is correct for peers to see
 			EtcdNominate(obj, obj.hostname, obj.serverURLs)
-			// XXX if this fails, where will we retry this part ?
+			// XXX: if this fails, where will we retry this part ?
 		}

 		// advertise client urls
@@ -1426,7 +1444,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {
 			// XXX: don't advertise local addresses! 127.0.0.1:2381 doesn't really help remote hosts
 			// XXX: but sometimes this is what we want... hmmm how do we decide? filter on callback?
 			EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints(obj, curls)
-			// XXX if this fails, where will we retry this part ?
+			// XXX: if this fails, where will we retry this part ?

 			// force this to remove sentinel before we reconnect...
 			obj.endpointCallback(nil)
@@ -1487,7 +1505,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) nominateCallback(re *RE) error {

 // endpointCallback runs to respond to the endpoint list change events
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) endpointCallback(re *RE) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: endpointCallback()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: endpointCallback(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1553,7 +1571,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) endpointCallback(re *RE) error {

 // idealClusterSizeCallback runs to respond to the ideal cluster size changes
 func (obj *EmbdEtcd) idealClusterSizeCallback(re *RE) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: idealClusterSizeCallback()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: idealClusterSizeCallback(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1642,7 +1660,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) StartServer(newCluster bool, peerURLsMap etcdtypes.URLsMap)
 	} else {
 		cfg.ClusterState = embed.ClusterStateFlagExisting
 	}
-	//cfg.ForceNewCluster = newCluster // TODO ?
+	//cfg.ForceNewCluster = newCluster // TODO: ?

 	log.Printf("Etcd: StartServer: Starting server...")
 	obj.server, err = embed.StartEtcd(cfg)
@@ -1659,6 +1677,14 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) StartServer(newCluster bool, peerURLsMap etcdtypes.URLsMap)
 		obj.serverwg.Add(1)      // add for the DestroyServer()
 		obj.DestroyServer()
 		return e
+	// TODO: should we wait for this notification elsewhere?
+	case <-obj.server.Server.StopNotify(): // it's going down now...
+		e := fmt.Errorf("Etcd: StartServer: Received stop notification.")
+		log.Printf(e.Error())
+		obj.server.Server.Stop() // trigger a shutdown
+		obj.serverwg.Add(1)      // add for the DestroyServer()
+		obj.DestroyServer()
+		return e
 	}
 	//log.Fatal(<-obj.server.Err())	XXX
 	log.Printf("Etcd: StartServer: Server running...")
@@ -1692,7 +1718,7 @@ func (obj *EmbdEtcd) DestroyServer() error {

 // EtcdNominate nominates a particular client to be a server (peer)
 func EtcdNominate(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, urls etcdtypes.URLs) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdNominate(%v): %v", hostname, urls.String())
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdNominate(%v): Finished!", hostname)
 	}
@@ -1734,7 +1760,7 @@ func EtcdNominated(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Nominated: Data format error!: %v", err)
 		}
 		nominated[name] = urls // add to map
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Nominated(%v): %v", name, val)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1743,7 +1769,7 @@ func EtcdNominated(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {

 // EtcdVolunteer offers yourself up to be a server if needed
 func EtcdVolunteer(obj *EmbdEtcd, urls etcdtypes.URLs) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdVolunteer(%v): %v", obj.hostname, urls.String())
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdVolunteer(%v): Finished!", obj.hostname)
 	}
@@ -1766,7 +1792,7 @@ func EtcdVolunteer(obj *EmbdEtcd, urls etcdtypes.URLs) error {

 // EtcdVolunteers returns a urls map of available etcd server volunteers
 func EtcdVolunteers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdVolunteers()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdVolunteers(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1789,7 +1815,7 @@ func EtcdVolunteers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Volunteers: Data format error!: %v", err)
 		}
 		volunteers[name] = urls // add to map
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Volunteer(%v): %v", name, val)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1798,7 +1824,7 @@ func EtcdVolunteers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {

 // EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints advertises the list of available client endpoints
 func EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints(obj *EmbdEtcd, urls etcdtypes.URLs) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints(%v): %v", obj.hostname, urls.String())
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints(%v): Finished!", obj.hostname)
 	}
@@ -1821,7 +1847,7 @@ func EtcdAdvertiseEndpoints(obj *EmbdEtcd, urls etcdtypes.URLs) error {

 // EtcdEndpoints returns a urls map of available etcd server endpoints
 func EtcdEndpoints(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdEndpoints()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdEndpoints(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1844,7 +1870,7 @@ func EtcdEndpoints(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: Endpoints: Data format error!: %v", err)
 		}
 		endpoints[name] = urls // add to map
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Endpoint(%v): %v", name, val)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1853,7 +1879,7 @@ func EtcdEndpoints(obj *EmbdEtcd) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, error) {

 // EtcdSetHostnameConverged sets whether a specific hostname is converged.
 func EtcdSetHostnameConverged(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, isConverged bool) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdSetHostnameConverged(%s): %v", hostname, isConverged)
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdSetHostnameConverged(%v): Finished!", hostname)
 	}
@@ -1867,7 +1893,7 @@ func EtcdSetHostnameConverged(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, isConverged bool)

 // EtcdHostnameConverged returns a map of every hostname's converged state.
 func EtcdHostnameConverged(obj *EmbdEtcd) (map[string]bool, error) {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdHostnameConverged()")
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdHostnameConverged(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1912,7 +1938,7 @@ func EtcdAddHostnameConvergedWatcher(obj *EmbdEtcd, callbackFn func(map[string]b

 // EtcdSetClusterSize sets the ideal target cluster size of etcd peers
 func EtcdSetClusterSize(obj *EmbdEtcd, value uint16) error {
-	if TRACE {
+	if obj.flags.Trace {
 		log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdSetClusterSize(): %v", value)
 		defer log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdSetClusterSize(): Finished!")
 	}
@@ -1946,7 +1972,7 @@ func EtcdGetClusterSize(obj *EmbdEtcd) (uint16, error) {

 // EtcdMemberAdd adds a member to the cluster.
 func EtcdMemberAdd(obj *EmbdEtcd, peerURLs etcdtypes.URLs) (*etcd.MemberAddResponse, error) {
-	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO ?
+	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO: ?
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	var response *etcd.MemberAddResponse
 	var err error
@@ -1971,7 +1997,7 @@ func EtcdMemberAdd(obj *EmbdEtcd, peerURLs etcdtypes.URLs) (*etcd.MemberAddRespo
 // if there was an error. This is because it might have run without error, but
 // the member wasn't found, for example.
 func EtcdMemberRemove(obj *EmbdEtcd, mID uint64) (bool, error) {
-	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO ?
+	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO: ?
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	for {
 		if obj.exiting { // the exit signal has been sent!
@@ -1997,7 +2023,7 @@ func EtcdMemberRemove(obj *EmbdEtcd, mID uint64) (bool, error) {
 // The member ID's are the keys, because an empty names means unstarted!
 // TODO: consider queueing this through the main loop with CtxError(ctx, err)
 func EtcdMembers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (map[uint64]string, error) {
-	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO ?
+	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO: ?
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	var response *etcd.MemberListResponse
 	var err error
@@ -2006,7 +2032,7 @@ func EtcdMembers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (map[uint64]string, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Exiting...")
 		}
 		obj.rLock.RLock()
-		if TRACE {
+		if obj.flags.Trace {
 			log.Printf("Trace: Etcd: EtcdMembers(): Endpoints are: %v", obj.client.Endpoints())
 		}
 		response, err = obj.client.MemberList(ctx)
@@ -2028,7 +2054,7 @@ func EtcdMembers(obj *EmbdEtcd) (map[uint64]string, error) {

 // EtcdLeader returns the current leader of the etcd server cluster
 func EtcdLeader(obj *EmbdEtcd) (string, error) {
-	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO ?
+	//obj.Connect(false) // TODO: ?
 	var err error
 	membersMap := make(map[uint64]string)
 	if membersMap, err = EtcdMembers(obj); err != nil {
@@ -2100,8 +2126,8 @@ func EtcdWatch(obj *EmbdEtcd) chan bool {
 }

 // EtcdSetResources exports all of the resources which we pass in to etcd
-func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resources []Res) error {
-	// key structure is /$NS/exported/$hostname/resources/$uuid = $data
+func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resourceList []resources.Res) error {
+	// key structure is /$NS/exported/$hostname/resources/$uid = $data

 	var kindFilter []string // empty to get from everyone
 	hostnameFilter := []string{hostname}
@@ -2112,19 +2138,19 @@ func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resources []Res) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	if len(originals) == 0 && len(resources) == 0 { // special case of no add or del
+	if len(originals) == 0 && len(resourceList) == 0 { // special case of no add or del
 		return nil
 	}

 	ifs := []etcd.Cmp{} // list matching the desired state
 	ops := []etcd.Op{}  // list of ops in this transaction
-	for _, res := range resources {
+	for _, res := range resourceList {
 		if res.Kind() == "" {
 			log.Fatalf("Etcd: SetResources: Error: Empty kind: %v", res.GetName())
 		}
-		uuid := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", res.Kind(), res.GetName())
-		path := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/exported/%s/resources/%s", NS, hostname, uuid)
-		if data, err := ResToB64(res); err == nil {
+		uid := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", res.Kind(), res.GetName())
+		path := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/exported/%s/resources/%s", NS, hostname, uid)
+		if data, err := resources.ResToB64(res); err == nil {
 			ifs = append(ifs, etcd.Compare(etcd.Value(path), "=", data)) // desired state
 			ops = append(ops, etcd.OpPut(path, data))
 		} else {
@@ -2132,8 +2158,8 @@ func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resources []Res) error {
 		}
 	}

-	match := func(res Res, resources []Res) bool { // helper lambda
-		for _, x := range resources {
+	match := func(res resources.Res, resourceList []resources.Res) bool { // helper lambda
+		for _, x := range resourceList {
 			if res.Kind() == x.Kind() && res.GetName() == x.GetName() {
 				return true
 			}
@@ -2147,10 +2173,10 @@ func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resources []Res) error {
 		if res.Kind() == "" {
 			log.Fatalf("Etcd: SetResources: Error: Empty kind: %v", res.GetName())
 		}
-		uuid := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", res.Kind(), res.GetName())
-		path := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/exported/%s/resources/%s", NS, hostname, uuid)
+		uid := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", res.Kind(), res.GetName())
+		path := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/exported/%s/resources/%s", NS, hostname, uid)

-		if match(res, resources) { // if we match, no need to delete!
+		if match(res, resourceList) { // if we match, no need to delete!
 			continue
 		}

@@ -2174,11 +2200,11 @@ func EtcdSetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostname string, resources []Res) error {
 // If the kindfilter or hostnameFilter is empty, then it assumes no filtering...
 // TODO: Expand this with a more powerful filter based on what we eventually
 // support in our collect DSL. Ideally a server side filter like WithFilter()
-// We could do this if the pattern was /$NS/exported/$kind/$hostname/$uuid = $data
-func EtcdGetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostnameFilter, kindFilter []string) ([]Res, error) {
-	// key structure is /$NS/exported/$hostname/resources/$uuid = $data
+// We could do this if the pattern was /$NS/exported/$kind/$hostname/$uid = $data
+func EtcdGetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostnameFilter, kindFilter []string) ([]resources.Res, error) {
+	// key structure is /$NS/exported/$hostname/resources/$uid = $data
 	path := fmt.Sprintf("/%s/exported/", NS)
-	resources := []Res{}
+	resourceList := []resources.Res{}
 	keyMap, err := obj.Get(path, etcd.WithPrefix(), etcd.WithSort(etcd.SortByKey, etcd.SortAscend))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: GetResources: Error: Could not get resources: %v", err)
@@ -2201,24 +2227,24 @@ func EtcdGetResources(obj *EmbdEtcd, hostnameFilter, kindFilter []string) ([]Res
 		}

 		// FIXME: ideally this would be a server side filter instead!
-		if len(hostnameFilter) > 0 && !StrInList(hostname, hostnameFilter) {
+		if len(hostnameFilter) > 0 && !util.StrInList(hostname, hostnameFilter) {
 			continue
 		}

 		// FIXME: ideally this would be a server side filter instead!
-		if len(kindFilter) > 0 && !StrInList(kind, kindFilter) {
+		if len(kindFilter) > 0 && !util.StrInList(kind, kindFilter) {
 			continue
 		}

-		if obj, err := B64ToRes(val); err == nil {
-			obj.setKind(kind) // cheap init
+		if obj, err := resources.B64ToRes(val); err == nil {
+			obj.SetKind(kind) // cheap init
 			log.Printf("Etcd: Get: (Hostname, Kind, Name): (%s, %s, %s)", hostname, kind, name)
-			resources = append(resources, obj)
+			resourceList = append(resourceList, obj)
 		} else {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Etcd: GetResources: Error: Can't convert from B64: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
-	return resources, nil
+	return resourceList, nil
 }

 //func UrlRemoveScheme(urls etcdtypes.URLs) []string {
@@ -2258,9 +2284,7 @@ func ApplyDeltaEvents(re *RE, urlsmap etcdtypes.URLsMap) (etcdtypes.URLsMap, err
 			if _, exists := urlsmap[key]; !exists {
 				// this can happen if we retry an operation b/w
 				// a reconnect so ignore if we are reconnecting
-				if DEBUG {
-					log.Printf("Etcd: ApplyDeltaEvents: Inconsistent key: %v", key)
-				}
+				log.Printf("Etcd: ApplyDeltaEvents: Inconsistent key: %v", key)
 				return nil, errApplyDeltaEventsInconsistent
 			}
 			delete(urlsmap, key)
--- a/etcd/world.go
+++ b/etcd/world.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package etcd
+
+import (
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+)
+
+// World is an etcd backed implementation of the World interface.
+type World struct {
+	Hostname string // uuid for the consumer of these
+	EmbdEtcd *EmbdEtcd
+}
+
+// ResExport exports a list of resources under our hostname namespace.
+// Subsequent calls replace the previously set collection atomically.
+func (obj *World) ResExport(resourceList []resources.Res) error {
+	return EtcdSetResources(obj.EmbdEtcd, obj.Hostname, resourceList)
+}
+
+// ResCollect gets the collection of exported resources which match the filter.
+// It does this atomically so that a call always returns a complete collection.
+func (obj *World) ResCollect(hostnameFilter, kindFilter []string) ([]resources.Res, error) {
+	// XXX: should we be restricted to retrieving resources that were
+	// exported with a tag that allows or restricts our hostname? We could
+	// enforce that here if the underlying API supported it... Add this?
+	return EtcdGetResources(obj.EmbdEtcd, hostnameFilter, kindFilter)
+}
--- a/event/event.go
+++ b/event/event.go
@@ -15,26 +15,35 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+// Package event provides some primitives that are used for message passing.
+package event

-//go:generate stringer -type=eventName -output=eventname_stringer.go
-type eventName int
-
-const (
-	eventNil eventName = iota
-	eventExit
-	eventStart
-	eventPause
-	eventPoke
-	eventBackPoke
+import (
+	"fmt"
 )

-// Resp is a channel to be used for boolean responses.
-type Resp chan bool
+//go:generate stringer -type=EventName -output=eventname_stringer.go
+
+// EventName represents the type of event being passed.
+type EventName int
+
+// The different event names are used in different contexts.
+const (
+	EventNil EventName = iota
+	EventExit
+	EventStart
+	EventPause
+	EventPoke
+	EventBackPoke
+)
+
+// Resp is a channel to be used for boolean responses. A nil represents an ACK,
+// and a non-nil represents a NACK (false). This also lets us use custom errors.
+type Resp chan error

 // Event is the main struct that stores event information and responses.
 type Event struct {
-	Name eventName
+	Name EventName
 	Resp Resp // channel to send an ack response on, nil to skip
 	//Wg   *sync.WaitGroup // receiver barrier to Wait() for everyone else on
 	Msg      string // some words for fun
@@ -55,28 +64,43 @@ func (event *Event) NACK() {
 	}
 }

+// ACKNACK sends a custom ACK or NACK message on the channel if one was requested.
+func (event *Event) ACKNACK(err error) {
+	if event.Resp != nil { // if they've requested a NACK
+		event.Resp.ACKNACK(err)
+	}
+}
+
 // NewResp is just a helper to return the right type of response channel.
 func NewResp() Resp {
-	resp := make(chan bool)
+	resp := make(chan error)
 	return resp
 }

 // ACK sends a true value to resp.
 func (resp Resp) ACK() {
 	if resp != nil {
-		resp <- true
+		resp <- nil
 	}
 }

 // NACK sends a false value to resp.
 func (resp Resp) NACK() {
 	if resp != nil {
-		resp <- false
+		resp <- fmt.Errorf("NACK")
+	}
+}
+
+// ACKNACK sends a custom ACK or NACK. The ACK value is always nil, the NACK can
+// be any non-nil error value.
+func (resp Resp) ACKNACK(err error) {
+	if resp != nil {
+		resp <- err
 	}
 }

 // Wait waits for any response from a Resp channel and returns it.
-func (resp Resp) Wait() bool {
+func (resp Resp) Wait() error {
 	return <-resp
 }

@@ -84,7 +108,7 @@ func (resp Resp) Wait() bool {
 func (resp Resp) ACKWait() {
 	for {
 		// wait until true value
-		if resp.Wait() {
+		if resp.Wait() == nil {
 			return
 		}
 	}
--- a/examples/file2.yaml
+++ b/examples/file2.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  noop:
+  - name: noop1
+  file:
+  - name: file1
+    path: "/tmp/mgmt/hello/"
+    source: "/var/lib/mgmt/files/some_dir/"
+    recurse: true
+    force: true
+    state: exists
+edges: []
--- a/examples/file3.yaml
+++ b/examples/file3.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+comment: You can test Watch and CheckApply failures with chmod ugo-r and chmod ugo-w.
+resources:
+  file:
+  - name: file1
+    path: "/tmp/mgmt/f1"
+    meta:
+      retry: 3
+      delay: 5000
+    content: |
+      i am f1
+    state: exists
+edges: []
--- a/examples/hostname.yaml
+++ b/examples/hostname.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  hostname:
+    - name: Hostname Watcher @ TestHost
+      hostname: test.hostname.example.com
+edges: []
--- a/examples/lib/libmgmt1.go
+++ b/examples/lib/libmgmt1.go
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// libmgmt example
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	mgmt "github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/lib"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/yamlgraph"
+)
+
+// MyGAPI implements the main GAPI interface.
+type MyGAPI struct {
+	Name     string // graph name
+	Interval uint   // refresh interval, 0 to never refresh
+
+	data        gapi.Data
+	initialized bool
+	closeChan   chan struct{}
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup // sync group for tunnel go routines
+}
+
+// NewMyGAPI creates a new MyGAPI struct and calls Init().
+func NewMyGAPI(data gapi.Data, name string, interval uint) (*MyGAPI, error) {
+	obj := &MyGAPI{
+		Name:     name,
+		Interval: interval,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init(data)
+}
+
+// Init initializes the MyGAPI struct.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Init(data gapi.Data) error {
+	if obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already initialized!")
+	}
+	if obj.Name == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The graph name must be specified!")
+	}
+	obj.data = data // store for later
+	obj.closeChan = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.initialized = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Graph returns a current Graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	n1, err := resources.NewNoopRes("noop1")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't create resource: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// we can still build a graph via the yaml method
+	gc := &yamlgraph.GraphConfig{
+		Graph: obj.Name,
+		Resources: yamlgraph.Resources{ // must redefine anonymous struct :(
+			// in alphabetical order
+			Exec:  []*resources.ExecRes{},
+			File:  []*resources.FileRes{},
+			Msg:   []*resources.MsgRes{},
+			Noop:  []*resources.NoopRes{n1},
+			Pkg:   []*resources.PkgRes{},
+			Svc:   []*resources.SvcRes{},
+			Timer: []*resources.TimerRes{},
+			Virt:  []*resources.VirtRes{},
+		},
+		//Collector: []collectorResConfig{},
+		//Edges:     []Edge{},
+		Comment: "comment!",
+	}
+
+	g, err := gc.NewGraphFromConfig(obj.data.Hostname, obj.data.World, obj.data.Noop)
+	return g, err
+}
+
+// SwitchStream returns nil errors every time there could be a new graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) SwitchStream() chan error {
+	if obj.data.NoWatch || obj.Interval <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		defer close(ch) // this will run before the obj.wg.Done()
+		if !obj.initialized {
+			ch <- fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+			return
+		}
+
+		// arbitrarily change graph every interval seconds
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(obj.Interval) * time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				log.Printf("libmgmt: Generating new graph...")
+				ch <- nil // trigger a run
+			case <-obj.closeChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the MyGAPI.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Close() error {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+	close(obj.closeChan)
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	obj.initialized = false // closed = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Run runs an embedded mgmt server.
+func Run() error {
+
+	obj := &mgmt.Main{}
+	obj.Program = "libmgmt" // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.Version = "0.0.1"   // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.TmpPrefix = true
+	obj.IdealClusterSize = -1
+	obj.ConvergedTimeout = -1
+	obj.Noop = true
+
+	obj.GAPI = &MyGAPI{ // graph API
+		Name:     "libmgmt", // TODO: set on compilation
+		Interval: 15,        // arbitrarily change graph every 15 seconds
+	}
+
+	if err := obj.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// install the exit signal handler
+	exit := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(exit)
+	go func() {
+		signals := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		signal.Notify(signals, os.Interrupt) // catch ^C
+		//signal.Notify(signals, os.Kill) // catch signals
+		signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
+		select {
+		case sig := <-signals: // any signal will do
+			if sig == os.Interrupt {
+				log.Println("Interrupted by ^C")
+				obj.Exit(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			log.Println("Interrupted by signal")
+			obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Killed by %v", sig))
+			return
+		case <-exit:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := obj.Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.Printf("Hello!")
+	if err := Run(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("Goodbye!")
+}
--- a/examples/lib/libmgmt2.go
+++ b/examples/lib/libmgmt2.go
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// libmgmt example
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	mgmt "github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/lib"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+)
+
+// MyGAPI implements the main GAPI interface.
+type MyGAPI struct {
+	Name     string // graph name
+	Count    uint   // number of resources to create
+	Interval uint   // refresh interval, 0 to never refresh
+
+	data        gapi.Data
+	initialized bool
+	closeChan   chan struct{}
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup // sync group for tunnel go routines
+}
+
+// NewMyGAPI creates a new MyGAPI struct and calls Init().
+func NewMyGAPI(data gapi.Data, name string, interval uint, count uint) (*MyGAPI, error) {
+	obj := &MyGAPI{
+		Name:     name,
+		Count:    count,
+		Interval: interval,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init(data)
+}
+
+// Init initializes the MyGAPI struct.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Init(data gapi.Data) error {
+	if obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already initialized!")
+	}
+	if obj.Name == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The graph name must be specified!")
+	}
+	obj.data = data // store for later
+	obj.closeChan = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.initialized = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Graph returns a current Graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	g := pgraph.NewGraph(obj.Name)
+	var vertex *pgraph.Vertex
+	for i := uint(0); i < obj.Count; i++ {
+		n, err := resources.NewNoopRes(fmt.Sprintf("noop%d", i))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't create resource: %v", err)
+		}
+		v := pgraph.NewVertex(n)
+		g.AddVertex(v)
+		if i > 0 {
+			g.AddEdge(vertex, v, pgraph.NewEdge(fmt.Sprintf("e%d", i)))
+		}
+		vertex = v // save
+	}
+
+	//g, err := config.NewGraphFromConfig(obj.data.Hostname, obj.data.World, obj.data.Noop)
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+// SwitchStream returns nil errors every time there could be a new graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) SwitchStream() chan error {
+	if obj.data.NoWatch || obj.Interval <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		defer close(ch) // this will run before the obj.wg.Done()
+		if !obj.initialized {
+			ch <- fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+			return
+		}
+
+		// arbitrarily change graph every interval seconds
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(obj.Interval) * time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				log.Printf("libmgmt: Generating new graph...")
+				ch <- nil // trigger a run
+			case <-obj.closeChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the MyGAPI.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Close() error {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+	close(obj.closeChan)
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	obj.initialized = false // closed = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Run runs an embedded mgmt server.
+func Run(count uint) error {
+
+	obj := &mgmt.Main{}
+	obj.Program = "libmgmt" // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.Version = "0.0.1"   // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.TmpPrefix = true
+	obj.IdealClusterSize = -1
+	obj.ConvergedTimeout = -1
+	obj.Noop = true
+
+	obj.GAPI = &MyGAPI{ // graph API
+		Name:     "libmgmt", // TODO: set on compilation
+		Count:    count,     // number of vertices to add
+		Interval: 15,        // arbitrarily change graph every 15 seconds
+	}
+
+	if err := obj.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// install the exit signal handler
+	exit := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(exit)
+	go func() {
+		signals := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		signal.Notify(signals, os.Interrupt) // catch ^C
+		//signal.Notify(signals, os.Kill) // catch signals
+		signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
+		select {
+		case sig := <-signals: // any signal will do
+			if sig == os.Interrupt {
+				log.Println("Interrupted by ^C")
+				obj.Exit(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			log.Println("Interrupted by signal")
+			obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Killed by %v", sig))
+			return
+		case <-exit:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := obj.Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.Printf("Hello!")
+	var count uint = 1 // default
+	if len(os.Args) == 2 {
+		if i, err := strconv.Atoi(os.Args[1]); err == nil && i > 0 {
+			count = uint(i)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := Run(count); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("Goodbye!")
+}
--- a/examples/lib/libmgmt3.go
+++ b/examples/lib/libmgmt3.go
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// libmgmt example of send->recv
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	mgmt "github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/lib"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+)
+
+// MyGAPI implements the main GAPI interface.
+type MyGAPI struct {
+	Name     string // graph name
+	Interval uint   // refresh interval, 0 to never refresh
+
+	data        gapi.Data
+	initialized bool
+	closeChan   chan struct{}
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup // sync group for tunnel go routines
+}
+
+// NewMyGAPI creates a new MyGAPI struct and calls Init().
+func NewMyGAPI(data gapi.Data, name string, interval uint) (*MyGAPI, error) {
+	obj := &MyGAPI{
+		Name:     name,
+		Interval: interval,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init(data)
+}
+
+// Init initializes the MyGAPI struct.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Init(data gapi.Data) error {
+	if obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already initialized!")
+	}
+	if obj.Name == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The graph name must be specified!")
+	}
+	obj.data = data // store for later
+	obj.closeChan = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.initialized = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Graph returns a current Graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	g := pgraph.NewGraph(obj.Name)
+
+	content := "Delete me to trigger a notification!\n"
+	f0 := &resources.FileRes{
+		BaseRes: resources.BaseRes{
+			Name: "README",
+		},
+		Path:    "/tmp/mgmt/README",
+		Content: &content,
+		State:   "present",
+	}
+
+	v0 := pgraph.NewVertex(f0)
+	g.AddVertex(v0)
+
+	p1 := &resources.PasswordRes{
+		BaseRes: resources.BaseRes{
+			Name: "password1",
+		},
+		Length: 8,    // generated string will have this many characters
+		Saved:  true, // this causes passwords to be stored in plain text!
+	}
+	v1 := pgraph.NewVertex(p1)
+	g.AddVertex(v1)
+
+	f1 := &resources.FileRes{
+		BaseRes: resources.BaseRes{
+			Name: "file1",
+			// send->recv!
+			Recv: map[string]*resources.Send{
+				"Content": &resources.Send{Res: p1, Key: "Password"},
+			},
+		},
+		Path: "/tmp/mgmt/secret",
+		//Content:  p1.Password, // won't work
+		State: "present",
+	}
+
+	v2 := pgraph.NewVertex(f1)
+	g.AddVertex(v2)
+
+	n1 := &resources.NoopRes{
+		BaseRes: resources.BaseRes{
+			Name: "noop1",
+		},
+	}
+
+	v3 := pgraph.NewVertex(n1)
+	g.AddVertex(v3)
+
+	e0 := pgraph.NewEdge("e0")
+	e0.Notify = true // send a notification from v0 to v1
+	g.AddEdge(v0, v1, e0)
+
+	g.AddEdge(v1, v2, pgraph.NewEdge("e1"))
+
+	e2 := pgraph.NewEdge("e2")
+	e2.Notify = true // send a notification from v2 to v3
+	g.AddEdge(v2, v3, e2)
+
+	//g, err := config.NewGraphFromConfig(obj.data.Hostname, obj.data.World, obj.data.Noop)
+	return g, nil
+}
+
+// SwitchStream returns nil errors every time there could be a new graph.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) SwitchStream() chan error {
+	if obj.data.NoWatch || obj.Interval <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		defer close(ch) // this will run before the obj.wg.Done()
+		if !obj.initialized {
+			ch <- fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+			return
+		}
+
+		// arbitrarily change graph every interval seconds
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(obj.Interval) * time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				log.Printf("libmgmt: Generating new graph...")
+				ch <- nil // trigger a run
+			case <-obj.closeChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the MyGAPI.
+func (obj *MyGAPI) Close() error {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("libmgmt: MyGAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+	close(obj.closeChan)
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	obj.initialized = false // closed = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Run runs an embedded mgmt server.
+func Run() error {
+
+	obj := &mgmt.Main{}
+	obj.Program = "libmgmt" // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.Version = "0.0.1"   // TODO: set on compilation
+	obj.TmpPrefix = true    // disable for easy debugging
+	//prefix := "/tmp/testprefix/"
+	//obj.Prefix = &p // enable for easy debugging
+	obj.IdealClusterSize = -1
+	obj.ConvergedTimeout = -1
+	obj.Noop = false // FIXME: careful!
+
+	obj.GAPI = &MyGAPI{ // graph API
+		Name:     "libmgmt", // TODO: set on compilation
+		Interval: 60 * 10,   // arbitrarily change graph every 15 seconds
+	}
+
+	if err := obj.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// install the exit signal handler
+	exit := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(exit)
+	go func() {
+		signals := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		signal.Notify(signals, os.Interrupt) // catch ^C
+		//signal.Notify(signals, os.Kill) // catch signals
+		signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
+		select {
+		case sig := <-signals: // any signal will do
+			if sig == os.Interrupt {
+				log.Println("Interrupted by ^C")
+				obj.Exit(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			log.Println("Interrupted by signal")
+			obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Killed by %v", sig))
+			return
+		case <-exit:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := obj.Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func main() {
+	log.Printf("Hello!")
+	if err := Run(); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Printf("Goodbye!")
+}
--- a/examples/msg1.yaml
+++ b/examples/msg1.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+comment: timer example
+resources:
+  timer:
+  - name: timer1
+    interval: 30
+  msg:
+  - name: msg1
+    body: mgmt logged this message
+    journal: true
+edges:
+- name: e1
+  from:
+    kind: timer
+    name: timer1
+  to:
+    kind: msg
+    name: msg1
--- a/examples/nspawn1.yaml
+++ b/examples/nspawn1.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  nspawn:
+  - name: mgmt-nspawn1
+    state: running
+edges: []
--- a/examples/nspawn2.yaml
+++ b/examples/nspawn2.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  nspawn:
+  - name: mgmt-nspawn2
+    state: stopped
+edges: []
--- a/examples/remote2a.yaml
+++ b/examples/remote2a.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+comment: remote noop example
+resources:
+  file:
+  - name: file1a
+    path: "/tmp/file1a"
+    content: |
+      i am file1a
+    state: exists
+  - name: "@@file2a"
+    path: "/tmp/file2a"
+    content: |
+      i am file2a, exported from host a
+    state: exists
+collect:
+- kind: file
+  pattern: "/tmp/"
+edges: []
+remote: ssh://root:vagrant@192.168.121.201:22
--- a/examples/remote2b.yaml
+++ b/examples/remote2b.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+comment: remote noop example
+resources:
+  file:
+  - name: file1b
+    path: "/tmp/file1b"
+    content: |
+      i am file1b
+    state: exists
+  - name: "@@file2b"
+    path: "/tmp/file2b"
+    content: |
+      i am file2b, exported from host b
+    state: exists
+collect:
+- kind: file
+  pattern: "/tmp/"
+edges: []
+remote: ssh://root:vagrant@192.168.121.202:22
--- a/examples/virt1.yaml
+++ b/examples/virt1.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  virt:
+  - name: mgmt1
+    uri: 'qemu:///session'
+    cpus: 1
+    memory: 524288
+    state: shutoff
+    transient: true
+edges: []
--- a/examples/virt2.yaml
+++ b/examples/virt2.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  virt:
+  - name: mgmt2
+    uri: 'qemu:///session'
+    cpus: 1
+    memory: 524288
+    state: shutoff
+    transient: false
+edges: []
--- a/examples/virt3.yaml
+++ b/examples/virt3.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+---
+graph: mygraph
+resources:
+  virt:
+  - name: mgmt3
+    uri: 'qemu:///session'
+    cpus: 1
+    memory: 524288
+    state: running
+    transient: false
+edges: []
--- a/file.go
+++ b/file.go
@@ -1,529 +0,0 @@
-// Mgmt
-// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
-// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
-//
-// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
-	//"github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify" // git master of "gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"io"
-	"log"
-	"math"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"strings"
-	"syscall"
-)
-
-func init() {
-	gob.Register(&FileRes{})
-}
-
-// FileRes is a file and directory resource.
-type FileRes struct {
-	BaseRes   `yaml:",inline"`
-	Path      string `yaml:"path"` // path variable (should default to name)
-	Dirname   string `yaml:"dirname"`
-	Basename  string `yaml:"basename"`
-	Content   string `yaml:"content"`
-	State     string `yaml:"state"` // state: exists/present?, absent, (undefined?)
-	sha256sum string
-}
-
-// NewFileRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewFileRes(name, path, dirname, basename, content, state string) *FileRes {
-	// FIXME if path = nil, path = name ...
-	obj := &FileRes{
-		BaseRes: BaseRes{
-			Name: name,
-		},
-		Path:      path,
-		Dirname:   dirname,
-		Basename:  basename,
-		Content:   content,
-		State:     state,
-		sha256sum: "",
-	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
-}
-
-// Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *FileRes) Init() {
-	obj.BaseRes.kind = "File"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
-}
-
-// GetPath returns the actual path to use for this resource. It computes this
-// after analysis of the path, dirname and basename values.
-func (obj *FileRes) GetPath() string {
-	d := Dirname(obj.Path)
-	b := Basename(obj.Path)
-	if !obj.Validate() || (obj.Dirname == "" && obj.Basename == "") {
-		return obj.Path
-	} else if obj.Dirname == "" {
-		return d + obj.Basename
-	} else if obj.Basename == "" {
-		return obj.Dirname + b
-	} else { // if obj.dirname != "" && obj.basename != "" {
-		return obj.Dirname + obj.Basename
-	}
-}
-
-// validate if the params passed in are valid data
-func (obj *FileRes) Validate() bool {
-	if obj.Dirname != "" {
-		// must end with /
-		if obj.Dirname[len(obj.Dirname)-1:] != "/" {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	if obj.Basename != "" {
-		// must not start with /
-		if obj.Basename[0:1] == "/" {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
-// This one is a file watcher for files and directories.
-// Modify with caution, it is probably important to write some test cases first!
-// obj.GetPath(): file or directory
-func (obj *FileRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
-	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
-	}
-	obj.SetWatching(true)
-	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
-
-	//var recursive bool = false
-	//var isdir = (obj.GetPath()[len(obj.GetPath())-1:] == "/") // dirs have trailing slashes
-	//log.Printf("IsDirectory: %v", isdir)
-	var safename = path.Clean(obj.GetPath()) // no trailing slash
-
-	watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	defer watcher.Close()
-
-	patharray := PathSplit(safename) // tokenize the path
-	var index = len(patharray)       // starting index
-	var current string               // current "watcher" location
-	var deltaDepth int               // depth delta between watcher and event
-	var send = false                 // send event?
-	var exit = false
-	var dirty = false
-
-	for {
-		current = strings.Join(patharray[0:index], "/")
-		if current == "" { // the empty string top is the root dir ("/")
-			current = "/"
-		}
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("File[%v]: Watching: %v", obj.GetName(), current) // attempting to watch...
-		}
-		// initialize in the loop so that we can reset on rm-ed handles
-		err = watcher.Add(current)
-		if err != nil {
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("File[%v]: watcher.Add(%v): Error: %v", obj.GetName(), current, err)
-			}
-			if err == syscall.ENOENT {
-				index-- // usually not found, move up one dir
-			} else if err == syscall.ENOSPC {
-				// XXX: occasionally: no space left on device,
-				// XXX: probably due to lack of inotify watches
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Out of inotify watches!", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
-				log.Fatal(err)
-			} else {
-				log.Printf("Unknown file[%v] error:", obj.Name)
-				log.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			index = int(math.Max(1, float64(index)))
-			continue
-		}
-
-		obj.SetState(resStateWatching) // reset
-		select {
-		case event := <-watcher.Events:
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("File[%v]: Watch(%v), Event(%v): %v", obj.GetName(), current, event.Name, event.Op)
-			}
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false) // XXX: technically i can detect if the event is erroneous or not first
-			// the deeper you go, the bigger the deltaDepth is...
-			// this is the difference between what we're watching,
-			// and the event... doesn't mean we can't watch deeper
-			if current == event.Name {
-				deltaDepth = 0 // i was watching what i was looking for
-
-			} else if HasPathPrefix(event.Name, current) {
-				deltaDepth = len(PathSplit(current)) - len(PathSplit(event.Name)) // -1 or less
-
-			} else if HasPathPrefix(current, event.Name) {
-				deltaDepth = len(PathSplit(event.Name)) - len(PathSplit(current)) // +1 or more
-
-			} else {
-				// TODO different watchers get each others events!
-				// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/95
-				// this happened with two values such as:
-				// event.Name: /tmp/mgmt/f3 and current: /tmp/mgmt/f2
-				continue
-			}
-			//log.Printf("The delta depth is: %v", deltaDepth)
-
-			// if we have what we wanted, awesome, send an event...
-			if event.Name == safename {
-				//log.Println("Event!")
-				// FIXME: should all these below cases trigger?
-				send = true
-				dirty = true
-
-				// file removed, move the watch upwards
-				if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
-					//log.Println("Removal!")
-					watcher.Remove(current)
-					index--
-				}
-
-				// we must be a parent watcher, so descend in
-				if deltaDepth < 0 {
-					watcher.Remove(current)
-					index++
-				}
-
-				// if safename starts with event.Name, we're above, and no event should be sent
-			} else if HasPathPrefix(safename, event.Name) {
-				//log.Println("Above!")
-
-				if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
-					log.Println("Removal!")
-					watcher.Remove(current)
-					index--
-				}
-
-				if deltaDepth < 0 {
-					log.Println("Parent!")
-					if PathPrefixDelta(safename, event.Name) == 1 { // we're the parent dir
-						send = true
-						dirty = true
-					}
-					watcher.Remove(current)
-					index++
-				}
-
-				// if event.Name startswith safename, send event, we're already deeper
-			} else if HasPathPrefix(event.Name, safename) {
-				//log.Println("Event2!")
-				send = true
-				dirty = true
-			}
-
-		case err := <-watcher.Errors:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false) // XXX ?
-			log.Printf("error: %v", err)
-			log.Fatal(err)
-			//obj.events <- fmt.Sprintf("file: %v", "error") // XXX: how should we handle errors?
-
-		case event := <-obj.events:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
-			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-				return // exit
-			}
-			//dirty = false // these events don't invalidate state
-
-		case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-			cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
-		if send {
-			send = false
-			// only invalid state on certain types of events
-			if dirty {
-				dirty = false
-				obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
-			}
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "", true} // trigger process
-			resp.ACKWait()                                 // wait for the ACK()
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// HashSHA256fromContent computes the hash of the file contents and returns it.
-// It also caches the value if it can.
-func (obj *FileRes) HashSHA256fromContent() string {
-	if obj.sha256sum != "" { // return if already computed
-		return obj.sha256sum
-	}
-
-	hash := sha256.New()
-	hash.Write([]byte(obj.Content))
-	obj.sha256sum = hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil))
-	return obj.sha256sum
-}
-
-// FileHashSHA256Check computes the hash of the actual file and compares it to
-// the computed hash of the resources file contents.
-func (obj *FileRes) FileHashSHA256Check() (bool, error) {
-	if PathIsDir(obj.GetPath()) { // assert
-		log.Fatal("This should only be called on a File resource.")
-	}
-	// run a diff, and return true if it needs changing
-	hash := sha256.New()
-	f, err := os.Open(obj.GetPath())
-	if err != nil {
-		if e, ok := err.(*os.PathError); ok && (e.Err.(syscall.Errno) == syscall.ENOENT) {
-			return false, nil // no "error", file is just absent
-		}
-		return false, err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-	if _, err := io.Copy(hash, f); err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	sha256sum := hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil))
-	//log.Printf("sha256sum: %v", sha256sum)
-	if obj.HashSHA256fromContent() == sha256sum {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	return false, nil
-}
-
-// FileApply writes the resource file contents out to the correct path. This
-// implementation doesn't try to be particularly clever in any way.
-func (obj *FileRes) FileApply() error {
-	if PathIsDir(obj.GetPath()) {
-		log.Fatal("This should only be called on a File resource.")
-	}
-
-	if obj.State == "absent" {
-		log.Printf("About to remove: %v", obj.GetPath())
-		err := os.Remove(obj.GetPath())
-		return err // either nil or not, for success or failure
-	}
-
-	f, err := os.Create(obj.GetPath())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	_, err = io.WriteString(f, obj.Content)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil // success
-}
-
-// CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
-// input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
-func (obj *FileRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
-
-	if obj.isStateOK { // cache the state
-		return true, nil
-	}
-
-	if _, err = os.Stat(obj.GetPath()); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		// no such file or directory
-		if obj.State == "absent" {
-			// missing file should be missing, phew :)
-			obj.isStateOK = true
-			return true, nil
-		}
-	}
-	err = nil // reset
-
-	// FIXME: add file mode check here...
-
-	if PathIsDir(obj.GetPath()) {
-		log.Fatal("Not implemented!") // XXX
-	} else {
-		ok, err := obj.FileHashSHA256Check()
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, err
-		}
-		if ok {
-			obj.isStateOK = true
-			return true, nil
-		}
-		// if no err, but !ok, then we continue on...
-	}
-
-	// state is not okay, no work done, exit, but without error
-	if !apply {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	// apply portion
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: Apply", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
-	if PathIsDir(obj.GetPath()) {
-		log.Fatal("Not implemented!") // XXX
-	} else {
-		err = obj.FileApply()
-		if err != nil {
-			return false, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	obj.isStateOK = true
-	return false, nil // success
-}
-
-// FileUUID is the UUID struct for FileRes.
-type FileUUID struct {
-	BaseUUID
-	path string
-}
-
-// if and only if they are equivalent, return true
-// if they are not equivalent, return false
-func (obj *FileUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
-	res, ok := uuid.(*FileUUID)
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	return obj.path == res.path
-}
-
-// FileResAutoEdges holds the state of the auto edge generator.
-type FileResAutoEdges struct {
-	data    []ResUUID
-	pointer int
-	found   bool
-}
-
-// Next returns the next automatic edge.
-func (obj *FileResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUUID {
-	if obj.found {
-		log.Fatal("Shouldn't be called anymore!")
-	}
-	if len(obj.data) == 0 { // check length for rare scenarios
-		return nil
-	}
-	value := obj.data[obj.pointer]
-	obj.pointer++
-	return []ResUUID{value} // we return one, even though api supports N
-}
-
-// Test gets results of the earlier Next() call, & returns if we should continue!
-func (obj *FileResAutoEdges) Test(input []bool) bool {
-	// if there aren't any more remaining
-	if len(obj.data) <= obj.pointer {
-		return false
-	}
-	if obj.found { // already found, done!
-		return false
-	}
-	if len(input) != 1 { // in case we get given bad data
-		log.Fatal("Expecting a single value!")
-	}
-	if input[0] { // if a match is found, we're done!
-		obj.found = true // no more to find!
-		return false
-	}
-	return true // keep going
-}
-
-// AutoEdges generates a simple linear sequence of each parent directory from
-// the bottom up!
-func (obj *FileRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
-	var data []ResUUID                             // store linear result chain here...
-	values := PathSplitFullReversed(obj.GetPath()) // build it
-	_, values = values[0], values[1:]              // get rid of first value which is me!
-	for _, x := range values {
-		var reversed = true // cheat by passing a pointer
-		data = append(data, &FileUUID{
-			BaseUUID: BaseUUID{
-				name:     obj.GetName(),
-				kind:     obj.Kind(),
-				reversed: &reversed,
-			},
-			path: x, // what matters
-		}) // build list
-	}
-	return &FileResAutoEdges{
-		data:    data,
-		pointer: 0,
-		found:   false,
-	}
-}
-
-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
-// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *FileRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &FileUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
-		path:     obj.GetPath(),
-	}
-	return []ResUUID{x}
-}
-
-// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
-func (obj *FileRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
-	_, ok := r.(*FileRes)
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	// TODO: we might be able to group directory children into a single
-	// recursive watcher in the future, thus saving fanotify watches
-	return false // not possible atm
-}
-
-// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
-func (obj *FileRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
-	switch res.(type) {
-	case *FileRes:
-		res := res.(*FileRes)
-		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) { // call base Compare
-			return false
-		}
-
-		if obj.Name != res.Name {
-			return false
-		}
-		if obj.GetPath() != res.Path {
-			return false
-		}
-		if obj.Content != res.Content {
-			return false
-		}
-		if obj.State != res.State {
-			return false
-		}
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// CollectPattern applies the pattern for collection resources.
-func (obj *FileRes) CollectPattern(pattern string) {
-	// XXX: currently the pattern for files can only override the Dirname variable :P
-	obj.Dirname = pattern // XXX: simplistic for now
-}
--- a/gapi/gapi.go
+++ b/gapi/gapi.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package gapi defines the interface that graph API generators must meet.
+package gapi
+
+import (
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+)
+
+// World is an interface to the rest of the different graph state. It allows
+// the GAPI to store state and exchange information throughout the cluster. It
+// is the interface each machine uses to communicate with the rest of the world.
+type World interface { // TODO: is there a better name for this interface?
+	ResExport([]resources.Res) error
+	// FIXME: should this method take a "filter" data struct instead of many args?
+	ResCollect(hostnameFilter, kindFilter []string) ([]resources.Res, error)
+}
+
+// Data is the set of input values passed into the GAPI structs via Init.
+type Data struct {
+	Hostname string // uuid for the host, required for GAPI
+	World    World
+	Noop     bool
+	NoWatch  bool
+	// NOTE: we can add more fields here if needed by GAPI endpoints
+}
+
+// GAPI is a Graph API that represents incoming graphs and change streams.
+type GAPI interface {
+	Init(Data) error               // initializes the GAPI and passes in useful data
+	Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) // returns the most recent pgraph
+	SwitchStream() chan error      // returns a stream of switch events
+	Close() error                  // shutdown the GAPI
+}
--- a/lib/cli.go
+++ b/lib/cli.go
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lib
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/puppet"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/yamlgraph"
+
+	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+)
+
+// run is the main run target.
+func run(c *cli.Context) error {
+
+	obj := &Main{}
+
+	obj.Program = c.App.Name
+	obj.Version = c.App.Version
+	if val, exists := c.App.Metadata["flags"]; exists {
+		if flags, ok := val.(Flags); ok {
+			obj.Flags = flags
+		}
+	}
+
+	if h := c.String("hostname"); c.IsSet("hostname") && h != "" {
+		obj.Hostname = &h
+	}
+
+	if s := c.String("prefix"); c.IsSet("prefix") && s != "" {
+		obj.Prefix = &s
+	}
+	obj.TmpPrefix = c.Bool("tmp-prefix")
+	obj.AllowTmpPrefix = c.Bool("allow-tmp-prefix")
+
+	if _ = c.String("code"); c.IsSet("code") {
+		if obj.GAPI != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Can't combine code GAPI with existing GAPI.")
+		}
+		// TODO: implement DSL GAPI
+		//obj.GAPI = &dsl.GAPI{
+		//	Code: &s,
+		//}
+		return fmt.Errorf("The Code GAPI is not implemented yet!") // TODO: DSL
+	}
+	if y := c.String("yaml"); c.IsSet("yaml") {
+		if obj.GAPI != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Can't combine YAML GAPI with existing GAPI.")
+		}
+		obj.GAPI = &yamlgraph.GAPI{
+			File: &y,
+		}
+	}
+	if p := c.String("puppet"); c.IsSet("puppet") {
+		if obj.GAPI != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Can't combine puppet GAPI with existing GAPI.")
+		}
+		obj.GAPI = &puppet.GAPI{
+			PuppetParam: &p,
+			PuppetConf:  c.String("puppet-conf"),
+		}
+	}
+	obj.Remotes = c.StringSlice("remote") // FIXME: GAPI-ify somehow?
+
+	obj.NoWatch = c.Bool("no-watch")
+	obj.Noop = c.Bool("noop")
+	obj.Graphviz = c.String("graphviz")
+	obj.GraphvizFilter = c.String("graphviz-filter")
+	obj.ConvergedTimeout = c.Int("converged-timeout")
+	obj.MaxRuntime = uint(c.Int("max-runtime"))
+
+	obj.Seeds = c.StringSlice("seeds")
+	obj.ClientURLs = c.StringSlice("client-urls")
+	obj.ServerURLs = c.StringSlice("server-urls")
+	obj.IdealClusterSize = c.Int("ideal-cluster-size")
+	obj.NoServer = c.Bool("no-server")
+
+	obj.CConns = uint16(c.Int("cconns"))
+	obj.AllowInteractive = c.Bool("allow-interactive")
+	obj.SSHPrivIDRsa = c.String("ssh-priv-id-rsa")
+	obj.NoCaching = c.Bool("no-caching")
+	obj.Depth = uint16(c.Int("depth"))
+
+	obj.NoPgp = c.Bool("no-pgp")
+
+	if kp := c.String("pgp-key-path"); c.IsSet("pgp-key-path") {
+		obj.PgpKeyPath = &kp
+	}
+
+	if us := c.String("pgp-identity"); c.IsSet("pgp-identity") {
+		obj.PgpIdentity = &us
+	}
+
+	if err := obj.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// install the exit signal handler
+	exit := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(exit)
+	go func() {
+		signals := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+		signal.Notify(signals, os.Interrupt) // catch ^C
+		//signal.Notify(signals, os.Kill) // catch signals
+		signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGTERM)
+
+		select {
+		case sig := <-signals: // any signal will do
+			if sig == os.Interrupt {
+				log.Println("Interrupted by ^C")
+				obj.Exit(nil)
+				return
+			}
+			log.Println("Interrupted by signal")
+			obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Killed by %v", sig))
+			return
+		case <-exit:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := obj.Run(); err != nil {
+		return err
+		//return cli.NewExitError(err.Error(), 1) // TODO: ?
+		//return cli.NewExitError("", 1) // TODO: ?
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CLI is the entry point for using mgmt normally from the CLI.
+func CLI(program, version string, flags Flags) error {
+
+	// test for sanity
+	if program == "" || version == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Program was not compiled correctly. Please see Makefile.")
+	}
+	app := cli.NewApp()
+	app.Name = program // App.name and App.version pass these values through
+	app.Version = version
+	app.Usage = "next generation config management"
+	app.Metadata = map[string]interface{}{ // additional flags
+		"flags": flags,
+	}
+	//app.Action = ... // without a default action, help runs
+
+	app.Commands = []cli.Command{
+		{
+			Name:    "run",
+			Aliases: []string{"r"},
+			Usage:   "run",
+			Action:  run,
+			Flags: []cli.Flag{
+				// useful for testing multiple instances on same machine
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "hostname",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "hostname to use",
+				},
+
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:   "prefix",
+					Usage:  "specify a path to the working prefix directory",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_PREFIX",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "tmp-prefix",
+					Usage: "request a pseudo-random, temporary prefix to be used",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "allow-tmp-prefix",
+					Usage: "allow creation of a new temporary prefix if main prefix is unavailable",
+				},
+
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "code, c",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "code definition to run",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "yaml",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "yaml graph definition to run",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "puppet, p",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "load graph from puppet, optionally takes a manifest or path to manifest file",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "puppet-conf",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "the path to an alternate puppet.conf file",
+				},
+				cli.StringSliceFlag{
+					Name:  "remote",
+					Value: &cli.StringSlice{},
+					Usage: "list of remote graph definitions to run",
+				},
+
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "no-watch",
+					Usage: "do not update graph on stream switch events",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "noop",
+					Usage: "globally force all resources into no-op mode",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "graphviz, g",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "output file for graphviz data",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "graphviz-filter, gf",
+					Value: "dot", // directed graph default
+					Usage: "graphviz filter to use",
+				},
+				cli.IntFlag{
+					Name:   "converged-timeout, t",
+					Value:  -1,
+					Usage:  "exit after approximately this many seconds in a converged state",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_CONVERGED_TIMEOUT",
+				},
+				cli.IntFlag{
+					Name:   "max-runtime",
+					Value:  0,
+					Usage:  "exit after a maximum of approximately this many seconds",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_MAX_RUNTIME",
+				},
+
+				// if empty, it will startup a new server
+				cli.StringSliceFlag{
+					Name:   "seeds, s",
+					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{}, // empty slice
+					Usage:  "default etc client endpoint",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_SEEDS",
+				},
+				// port 2379 and 4001 are common
+				cli.StringSliceFlag{
+					Name:   "client-urls",
+					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{},
+					Usage:  "list of URLs to listen on for client traffic",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_CLIENT_URLS",
+				},
+				// port 2380 and 7001 are common
+				cli.StringSliceFlag{
+					Name:   "server-urls, peer-urls",
+					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{},
+					Usage:  "list of URLs to listen on for server (peer) traffic",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_SERVER_URLS",
+				},
+				cli.IntFlag{
+					Name:   "ideal-cluster-size",
+					Value:  -1,
+					Usage:  "ideal number of server peers in cluster; only read by initial server",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_IDEAL_CLUSTER_SIZE",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "no-server",
+					Usage: "do not let other servers peer with me",
+				},
+
+				cli.IntFlag{
+					Name:   "cconns",
+					Value:  0,
+					Usage:  "number of maximum concurrent remote ssh connections to run; 0 for unlimited",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_CCONNS",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "allow-interactive",
+					Usage: "allow interactive prompting, such as for remote passwords",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:   "ssh-priv-id-rsa",
+					Value:  "~/.ssh/id_rsa",
+					Usage:  "default path to ssh key file, set empty to never touch",
+					EnvVar: "MGMT_SSH_PRIV_ID_RSA",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "no-caching",
+					Usage: "don't allow remote caching of remote execution binary",
+				},
+				cli.IntFlag{
+					Name:   "depth",
+					Hidden: true, // internal use only
+					Value:  0,
+					Usage:  "specify depth in remote hierarchy",
+				},
+				cli.BoolFlag{
+					Name:  "no-pgp",
+					Usage: "don't create pgp keys",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "pgp-key-path",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "path for instance key pair",
+				},
+				cli.StringFlag{
+					Name:  "pgp-identity",
+					Value: "",
+					Usage: "default identity used for generation",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
+	return app.Run(os.Args)
+}
--- a/lib/main.go
+++ b/lib/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package lib
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/converger"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/etcd"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgp"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/recwatch"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/remote"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	etcdtypes "github.com/coreos/etcd/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog"
+	multierr "github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Flags are some constant flags which are used throughout the program.
+type Flags struct {
+	Debug   bool // add additional log messages
+	Trace   bool // add execution flow log messages
+	Verbose bool // add extra log message output
+}
+
+// Main is the main struct for running the mgmt logic.
+type Main struct {
+	Program string // the name of this program, usually set at compile time
+	Version string // the version of this program, usually set at compile time
+
+	Flags Flags // static global flags that are set at compile time
+
+	Hostname *string // hostname to use; nil if undefined
+
+	Prefix         *string // prefix passed in; nil if undefined
+	TmpPrefix      bool    // request a pseudo-random, temporary prefix to be used
+	AllowTmpPrefix bool    // allow creation of a new temporary prefix if main prefix is unavailable
+
+	GAPI    gapi.GAPI // graph API interface struct
+	Remotes []string  // list of remote graph definitions to run
+
+	NoWatch          bool   // do not update graph on watched graph definition file changes
+	Noop             bool   // globally force all resources into no-op mode
+	Graphviz         string // output file for graphviz data
+	GraphvizFilter   string // graphviz filter to use
+	ConvergedTimeout int    // exit after approximately this many seconds in a converged state; -1 to disable
+	MaxRuntime       uint   // exit after a maximum of approximately this many seconds
+
+	Seeds            []string // default etc client endpoint
+	ClientURLs       []string // list of URLs to listen on for client traffic
+	ServerURLs       []string // list of URLs to listen on for server (peer) traffic
+	IdealClusterSize int      // ideal number of server peers in cluster; only read by initial server
+	NoServer         bool     // do not let other servers peer with me
+
+	CConns           uint16 // number of maximum concurrent remote ssh connections to run, 0 for unlimited
+	AllowInteractive bool   // allow interactive prompting, such as for remote passwords
+	SSHPrivIDRsa     string // default path to ssh key file, set empty to never touch
+	NoCaching        bool   // don't allow remote caching of remote execution binary
+	Depth            uint16 // depth in remote hierarchy; for internal use only
+
+	seeds            etcdtypes.URLs // processed seeds value
+	clientURLs       etcdtypes.URLs // processed client urls value
+	serverURLs       etcdtypes.URLs // processed server urls value
+	idealClusterSize uint16         // processed ideal cluster size value
+
+	NoPgp       bool    // disallow pgp functionality
+	PgpKeyPath  *string // import a pre-made key pair
+	PgpIdentity *string
+	pgpKeys     *pgp.PGP // agent key pair
+
+	exit chan error // exit signal
+}
+
+// Init initializes the main struct after it performs some validation.
+func (obj *Main) Init() error {
+
+	if obj.Program == "" || obj.Version == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("You must set the Program and Version strings!")
+	}
+
+	if obj.Prefix != nil && obj.TmpPrefix {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Choosing a prefix and the request for a tmp prefix is illogical!")
+	}
+
+	obj.idealClusterSize = uint16(obj.IdealClusterSize)
+	if obj.IdealClusterSize < 0 { // value is undefined, set to the default
+		obj.idealClusterSize = etcd.DefaultIdealClusterSize
+	}
+
+	if obj.idealClusterSize < 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("IdealClusterSize should be at least one!")
+	}
+
+	if obj.NoServer && len(obj.Remotes) > 0 {
+		// TODO: in this case, we won't be able to tunnel stuff back to
+		// here, so if we're okay with every remote graph running in an
+		// isolated mode, then this is okay. Improve on this if there's
+		// someone who really wants to be able to do this.
+		return fmt.Errorf("The Server is required when using Remotes!")
+	}
+
+	if obj.CConns < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The CConns value should be at least zero!")
+	}
+
+	if obj.ConvergedTimeout >= 0 && obj.CConns > 0 && len(obj.Remotes) > int(obj.CConns) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("You can't converge if you have more remotes than available connections!")
+	}
+
+	if obj.Depth < 0 { // user should not be using this argument manually
+		return fmt.Errorf("Negative values for Depth are not permitted!")
+	}
+
+	// transform the url list inputs into etcd typed lists
+	var err error
+	obj.seeds, err = etcdtypes.NewURLs(
+		util.FlattenListWithSplit(obj.Seeds, []string{",", ";", " "}),
+	)
+	if err != nil && len(obj.Seeds) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Seeds didn't parse correctly!")
+	}
+	obj.clientURLs, err = etcdtypes.NewURLs(
+		util.FlattenListWithSplit(obj.ClientURLs, []string{",", ";", " "}),
+	)
+	if err != nil && len(obj.ClientURLs) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ClientURLs didn't parse correctly!")
+	}
+	obj.serverURLs, err = etcdtypes.NewURLs(
+		util.FlattenListWithSplit(obj.ServerURLs, []string{",", ";", " "}),
+	)
+	if err != nil && len(obj.ServerURLs) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ServerURLs didn't parse correctly!")
+	}
+
+	obj.exit = make(chan error)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Exit causes a safe shutdown. This is often attached to the ^C signal handler.
+func (obj *Main) Exit(err error) {
+	obj.exit <- err // trigger an exit!
+}
+
+// Run is the main execution entrypoint to run mgmt.
+func (obj *Main) Run() error {
+
+	var start = time.Now().UnixNano()
+
+	var flags int
+	if obj.Flags.Debug || true { // TODO: remove || true
+		flags = log.LstdFlags | log.Lshortfile
+	}
+	flags = (flags - log.Ldate) // remove the date for now
+	log.SetFlags(flags)
+
+	// un-hijack from capnslog...
+	log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)
+	if obj.Flags.Verbose {
+		capnslog.SetFormatter(capnslog.NewLogFormatter(os.Stderr, "(etcd) ", flags))
+	} else {
+		capnslog.SetFormatter(capnslog.NewNilFormatter())
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("This is: %s, version: %s", obj.Program, obj.Version)
+	log.Printf("Main: Start: %v", start)
+
+	hostname, err := os.Hostname() // a sensible default
+	// allow passing in the hostname, instead of using the system setting
+	if h := obj.Hostname; h != nil && *h != "" { // override by cli
+		hostname = *h
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't get default hostname!")
+	}
+	if hostname == "" { // safety check
+		return fmt.Errorf("Hostname cannot be empty!")
+	}
+
+	var prefix = fmt.Sprintf("/var/lib/%s/", obj.Program) // default prefix
+	if p := obj.Prefix; p != nil {
+		prefix = *p
+	}
+	// make sure the working directory prefix exists
+	if obj.TmpPrefix || os.MkdirAll(prefix, 0770) != nil {
+		if obj.TmpPrefix || obj.AllowTmpPrefix {
+			var err error
+			if prefix, err = ioutil.TempDir("", obj.Program+"-"+hostname+"-"); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("Main: Error: Can't create temporary prefix!")
+			}
+			log.Println("Main: Warning: Working prefix directory is temporary!")
+
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Main: Error: Can't create prefix!")
+		}
+	}
+	log.Printf("Main: Working prefix is: %s", prefix)
+	pgraphPrefix := fmt.Sprintf("%s/", path.Join(prefix, "pgraph")) // pgraph namespace
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(pgraphPrefix, 0770); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't create pgraph prefix")
+	}
+
+	if !obj.NoPgp {
+		pgpPrefix := fmt.Sprintf("%s/", path.Join(prefix, "pgp"))
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(pgpPrefix, 0770); err != nil {
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't create pgp prefix")
+		}
+
+		pgpKeyringPath := path.Join(pgpPrefix, pgp.DefaultKeyringFile) // default path
+
+		if p := obj.PgpKeyPath; p != nil {
+			pgpKeyringPath = *p
+		}
+
+		var err error
+		if obj.pgpKeys, err = pgp.Import(pgpKeyringPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't import pgp key")
+		}
+
+		if obj.pgpKeys == nil {
+
+			identity := fmt.Sprintf("%s <%s> %s", obj.Program, "root@"+hostname, "generated by "+obj.Program)
+			if p := obj.PgpIdentity; p != nil {
+				identity = *p
+			}
+
+			name, comment, email, err := pgp.ParseIdentity(identity)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't parse user string")
+
+			}
+
+			// TODO: Make hash configurable
+			if obj.pgpKeys, err = pgp.Generate(name, comment, email, nil); err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't creating pgp key")
+			}
+
+			if err := obj.pgpKeys.SaveKey(pgpKeyringPath); err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't save pgp key")
+			}
+		}
+
+		// TODO: Import admin key
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	var G, oldGraph *pgraph.Graph
+
+	// exit after `max-runtime` seconds for no reason at all...
+	if i := obj.MaxRuntime; i > 0 {
+		go func() {
+			time.Sleep(time.Duration(i) * time.Second)
+			obj.Exit(nil)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	// setup converger
+	converger := converger.NewConverger(
+		obj.ConvergedTimeout,
+		nil, // stateFn gets added in by EmbdEtcd
+	)
+	go converger.Loop(true) // main loop for converger, true to start paused
+
+	// embedded etcd
+	if len(obj.seeds) == 0 {
+		log.Printf("Main: Seeds: No seeds specified!")
+	} else {
+		log.Printf("Main: Seeds(%d): %v", len(obj.seeds), obj.seeds)
+	}
+	EmbdEtcd := etcd.NewEmbdEtcd(
+		hostname,
+		obj.seeds,
+		obj.clientURLs,
+		obj.serverURLs,
+		obj.NoServer,
+		obj.idealClusterSize,
+		etcd.Flags{
+			Debug:   obj.Flags.Debug,
+			Trace:   obj.Flags.Trace,
+			Verbose: obj.Flags.Verbose,
+		},
+		prefix,
+		converger,
+	)
+	if EmbdEtcd == nil {
+		// TODO: verify EmbdEtcd is not nil below...
+		obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Main: Etcd: Creation failed!"))
+	} else if err := EmbdEtcd.Startup(); err != nil { // startup (returns when etcd main loop is running)
+		obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Main: Etcd: Startup failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	convergerStateFn := func(b bool) error {
+		// exit if we are using the converged timeout and we are the
+		// root node. otherwise, if we are a child node in a remote
+		// execution hierarchy, we should only notify our converged
+		// state and wait for the parent to trigger the exit.
+		if t := obj.ConvergedTimeout; obj.Depth == 0 && t >= 0 {
+			if b {
+				log.Printf("Converged for %d seconds, exiting!", t)
+				obj.Exit(nil) // trigger an exit!
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		// send our individual state into etcd for others to see
+		return etcd.EtcdSetHostnameConverged(EmbdEtcd, hostname, b) // TODO: what should happen on error?
+	}
+	if EmbdEtcd != nil {
+		converger.SetStateFn(convergerStateFn)
+	}
+
+	var gapiChan chan error // stream events are nil errors
+	if obj.GAPI != nil {
+		data := gapi.Data{
+			Hostname: hostname,
+			// NOTE: alternate implementations can be substituted in
+			World: &etcd.World{
+				Hostname: hostname,
+				EmbdEtcd: EmbdEtcd,
+			},
+			Noop:    obj.Noop,
+			NoWatch: obj.NoWatch,
+		}
+		if err := obj.GAPI.Init(data); err != nil {
+			obj.Exit(fmt.Errorf("Main: GAPI: Init failed: %v", err))
+		} else if !obj.NoWatch {
+			gapiChan = obj.GAPI.SwitchStream() // stream of graph switch events!
+		}
+	}
+
+	exitchan := make(chan struct{}) // exit on close
+	go func() {
+		startChan := make(chan struct{}) // start signal
+		go func() { startChan <- struct{}{} }()
+
+		log.Println("Etcd: Starting...")
+		etcdChan := etcd.EtcdWatch(EmbdEtcd)
+		first := true // first loop or not
+		for {
+			log.Println("Main: Waiting...")
+			select {
+			case <-startChan: // kick the loop once at start
+				// pass
+
+			case b := <-etcdChan:
+				if !b { // ignore the message
+					continue
+				}
+				// everything else passes through to cause a compile!
+
+			case err, ok := <-gapiChan:
+				if !ok { // channel closed
+					if obj.Flags.Debug {
+						log.Printf("Main: GAPI exited")
+					}
+					gapiChan = nil // disable it
+					continue
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					obj.Exit(err) // trigger exit
+					continue
+					//return // TODO: return or wait for exitchan?
+				}
+				if obj.NoWatch { // extra safety for bad GAPI's
+					log.Printf("Main: GAPI stream should be quiet with NoWatch!") // fix the GAPI!
+					continue                                                      // no stream events should be sent
+				}
+
+			case <-exitchan:
+				return
+			}
+
+			if obj.GAPI == nil {
+				log.Printf("Config: GAPI is empty!")
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// we need the vertices to be paused to work on them, so
+			// run graph vertex LOCK...
+			if !first { // TODO: we can flatten this check out I think
+				converger.Pause() // FIXME: add sync wait?
+				G.Pause()         // sync
+
+				//G.UnGroup() // FIXME: implement me if needed!
+			}
+
+			// make the graph from yaml, lib, puppet->yaml, or dsl!
+			newGraph, err := obj.GAPI.Graph() // generate graph!
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Config: Error creating new graph: %v", err)
+				// unpause!
+				if !first {
+					G.Start(&wg, first) // sync
+					converger.Start()   // after G.Start()
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			newGraph.Flags = pgraph.Flags{Debug: obj.Flags.Debug}
+			// pass in the information we need
+			newGraph.AssociateData(&resources.Data{
+				Converger: converger,
+				Prefix:    pgraphPrefix,
+				Debug:     obj.Flags.Debug,
+			})
+
+			// apply the global noop parameter if requested
+			if obj.Noop {
+				for _, m := range newGraph.GraphMetas() {
+					m.Noop = obj.Noop
+				}
+			}
+
+			// FIXME: make sure we "UnGroup()" any semi-destructive
+			// changes to the resources so our efficient GraphSync
+			// will be able to re-use and cmp to the old graph.
+			newFullGraph, err := newGraph.GraphSync(oldGraph)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("Config: Error running graph sync: %v", err)
+				// unpause!
+				if !first {
+					G.Start(&wg, first) // sync
+					converger.Start()   // after G.Start()
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			oldGraph = newFullGraph // save old graph
+			G = oldGraph.Copy()     // copy to active graph
+
+			G.AutoEdges() // add autoedges; modifies the graph
+			G.AutoGroup() // run autogroup; modifies the graph
+			// TODO: do we want to do a transitive reduction?
+			// FIXME: run a type checker that verifies all the send->recv relationships
+
+			log.Printf("Graph: %v", G) // show graph
+			if obj.GraphvizFilter != "" {
+				if err := G.ExecGraphviz(obj.GraphvizFilter, obj.Graphviz); err != nil {
+					log.Printf("Graphviz: %v", err)
+				} else {
+					log.Printf("Graphviz: Successfully generated graph!")
+				}
+			}
+			// G.Start(...) needs to be synchronous or wait,
+			// because if half of the nodes are started and
+			// some are not ready yet and the EtcdWatch
+			// loops, we'll cause G.Pause(...) before we
+			// even got going, thus causing nil pointer errors
+			G.Start(&wg, first) // sync
+			converger.Start()   // after G.Start()
+			first = false
+		}
+	}()
+
+	configWatcher := recwatch.NewConfigWatcher()
+	configWatcher.Flags = recwatch.Flags{Debug: obj.Flags.Debug}
+	events := configWatcher.Events()
+	if !obj.NoWatch {
+		configWatcher.Add(obj.Remotes...) // add all the files...
+	} else {
+		events = nil // signal that no-watch is true
+	}
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case err := <-configWatcher.Error():
+			obj.Exit(err) // trigger an exit!
+
+		case <-exitchan:
+			return
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// initialize the add watcher, which calls the f callback on map changes
+	convergerCb := func(f func(map[string]bool) error) (func(), error) {
+		return etcd.EtcdAddHostnameConvergedWatcher(EmbdEtcd, f)
+	}
+
+	// build remotes struct for remote ssh
+	remotes := remote.NewRemotes(
+		EmbdEtcd.LocalhostClientURLs().StringSlice(),
+		[]string{etcd.DefaultClientURL},
+		obj.Noop,
+		obj.Remotes, // list of files
+		events,      // watch for file changes
+		obj.CConns,
+		obj.AllowInteractive,
+		obj.SSHPrivIDRsa,
+		!obj.NoCaching,
+		obj.Depth,
+		prefix,
+		converger,
+		convergerCb,
+		remote.Flags{
+			Program: obj.Program,
+			Debug:   obj.Flags.Debug,
+		},
+	)
+
+	// TODO: is there any benefit to running the remotes above in the loop?
+	// wait for etcd to be running before we remote in, which we do above!
+	go remotes.Run()
+
+	if obj.GAPI == nil {
+		converger.Start() // better start this for empty graphs
+	}
+	log.Println("Main: Running...")
+
+	reterr := <-obj.exit // wait for exit signal
+
+	log.Println("Destroy...")
+
+	if obj.GAPI != nil {
+		if err := obj.GAPI.Close(); err != nil {
+			err = errwrap.Wrapf(err, "GAPI closed poorly!")
+			reterr = multierr.Append(reterr, err) // list of errors
+		}
+	}
+
+	configWatcher.Close()                  // stop sending file changes to remotes
+	if err := remotes.Exit(); err != nil { // tell all the remote connections to shutdown; waits!
+		err = errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Remote exited poorly!")
+		reterr = multierr.Append(reterr, err) // list of errors
+	}
+
+	G.Exit() // tell all the children to exit
+
+	// tell inner main loop to exit
+	close(exitchan)
+
+	// cleanup etcd main loop last so it can process everything first
+	if err := EmbdEtcd.Destroy(); err != nil { // shutdown and cleanup etcd
+		err = errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Etcd exited poorly!")
+		reterr = multierr.Append(reterr, err) // list of errors
+	}
+
+	if obj.Flags.Debug {
+		log.Printf("Main: Graph: %v", G)
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait() // wait for primary go routines to exit
+
+	// TODO: wait for each vertex to exit...
+	log.Println("Goodbye!")
+	return reterr
+}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -19,560 +19,33 @@ package main

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	etcdtypes "github.com/coreos/etcd/pkg/types"
-	"github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
 	"os"
-	"os/signal"
-	"sync"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
+
+	mgmt "github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/lib"
 )

-// set at compile time
-var (
-	program string
-	version string
-	prefix  = fmt.Sprintf("/var/lib/%s/", program)
-)
-
-// variables controlling verbosity
+// These constants are some global variables that are used throughout the code.
 const (
 	DEBUG   = false // add additional log messages
 	TRACE   = false // add execution flow log messages
 	VERBOSE = false // add extra log message output
 )

-// signal handler
-func waitForSignal(exit chan bool) {
-	signals := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
-	signal.Notify(signals, os.Interrupt) // catch ^C
-	//signal.Notify(signals, os.Kill) // catch signals
-	signal.Notify(signals, syscall.SIGTERM)
-
-	select {
-	case e := <-signals: // any signal will do
-		if e == os.Interrupt {
-			log.Println("Interrupted by ^C")
-		} else {
-			log.Println("Interrupted by signal")
-		}
-	case <-exit: // or a manual signal
-		log.Println("Interrupted by exit signal")
-	}
-}
-
-// run is the main run target.
-func run(c *cli.Context) error {
-	var start = time.Now().UnixNano()
-	log.Printf("This is: %v, version: %v", program, version)
-	log.Printf("Main: Start: %v", start)
-
-	hostname, _ := os.Hostname()
-	// allow passing in the hostname, instead of using --hostname
-	if c.IsSet("file") {
-		if config := ParseConfigFromFile(c.String("file")); config != nil {
-			if h := config.Hostname; h != "" {
-				hostname = h
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if c.IsSet("hostname") { // override by cli
-		if h := c.String("hostname"); h != "" {
-			hostname = h
-		}
-	}
-	noop := c.Bool("noop")
-
-	seeds, err := etcdtypes.NewURLs(
-		FlattenListWithSplit(c.StringSlice("seeds"), []string{",", ";", " "}),
-	)
-	if err != nil && len(c.StringSlice("seeds")) > 0 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: seeds didn't parse correctly!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-	clientURLs, err := etcdtypes.NewURLs(
-		FlattenListWithSplit(c.StringSlice("client-urls"), []string{",", ";", " "}),
-	)
-	if err != nil && len(c.StringSlice("client-urls")) > 0 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: clientURLs didn't parse correctly!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-	serverURLs, err := etcdtypes.NewURLs(
-		FlattenListWithSplit(c.StringSlice("server-urls"), []string{",", ";", " "}),
-	)
-	if err != nil && len(c.StringSlice("server-urls")) > 0 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: serverURLs didn't parse correctly!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	idealClusterSize := uint16(c.Int("ideal-cluster-size"))
-	if idealClusterSize < 1 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: idealClusterSize should be at least one!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	if c.IsSet("file") && c.IsSet("puppet") {
-		log.Println("Main: Error: the --file and --puppet parameters cannot be used together!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	if c.Bool("no-server") && len(c.StringSlice("remote")) > 0 {
-		// TODO: in this case, we won't be able to tunnel stuff back to
-		// here, so if we're okay with every remote graph running in an
-		// isolated mode, then this is okay. Improve on this if there's
-		// someone who really wants to be able to do this.
-		log.Println("Main: Error: the --no-server and --remote parameters cannot be used together!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	cConns := uint16(c.Int("cconns"))
-	if cConns < 0 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: --cconns should be at least zero!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	if c.IsSet("converged-timeout") && cConns > 0 && len(c.StringSlice("remote")) > c.Int("cconns") {
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: combining --converged-timeout with more remotes than available connections will never converge!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	depth := uint16(c.Int("depth"))
-	if depth < 0 { // user should not be using this argument manually
-		log.Printf("Main: Error: negative values for --depth are not permitted!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-
-	if c.IsSet("prefix") && c.Bool("tmp-prefix") {
-		log.Println("Main: Error: combining --prefix and the request for a tmp prefix is illogical!")
-		return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-	}
-	if s := c.String("prefix"); c.IsSet("prefix") && s != "" {
-		prefix = s
-	}
-
-	// make sure the working directory prefix exists
-	if c.Bool("tmp-prefix") || os.MkdirAll(prefix, 0770) != nil {
-		if c.Bool("tmp-prefix") || c.Bool("allow-tmp-prefix") {
-			if prefix, err = ioutil.TempDir("", program+"-"); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Main: Error: Can't create temporary prefix!")
-				return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-			}
-			log.Println("Main: Warning: Working prefix directory is temporary!")
-
-		} else {
-			log.Printf("Main: Error: Can't create prefix!")
-			return cli.NewExitError("", 1)
-		}
-	}
-	log.Printf("Main: Working prefix is: %s", prefix)
-
-	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	exit := make(chan bool) // exit signal
-	var G, fullGraph *Graph
-
-	// exit after `max-runtime` seconds for no reason at all...
-	if i := c.Int("max-runtime"); i > 0 {
-		go func() {
-			time.Sleep(time.Duration(i) * time.Second)
-			exit <- true
-		}()
-	}
-
-	// setup converger
-	converger := NewConverger(
-		c.Int("converged-timeout"),
-		nil, // stateFn gets added in by EmbdEtcd
-	)
-	go converger.Loop(true) // main loop for converger, true to start paused
-
-	// embedded etcd
-	if len(seeds) == 0 {
-		log.Printf("Main: Seeds: No seeds specified!")
-	} else {
-		log.Printf("Main: Seeds(%v): %v", len(seeds), seeds)
-	}
-	EmbdEtcd := NewEmbdEtcd(
-		hostname,
-		seeds,
-		clientURLs,
-		serverURLs,
-		c.Bool("no-server"),
-		idealClusterSize,
-		prefix,
-		converger,
-	)
-	if EmbdEtcd == nil {
-		// TODO: verify EmbdEtcd is not nil below...
-		log.Printf("Main: Etcd: Creation failed!")
-		exit <- true
-	} else if err := EmbdEtcd.Startup(); err != nil { // startup (returns when etcd main loop is running)
-		log.Printf("Main: Etcd: Startup failed: %v", err)
-		exit <- true
-	}
-	convergerStateFn := func(b bool) error {
-		// exit if we are using the converged-timeout and we are the
-		// root node. otherwise, if we are a child node in a remote
-		// execution hierarchy, we should only notify our converged
-		// state and wait for the parent to trigger the exit.
-		if depth == 0 && c.Int("converged-timeout") >= 0 {
-			if b {
-				log.Printf("Converged for %d seconds, exiting!", c.Int("converged-timeout"))
-				exit <- true // trigger an exit!
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-		// send our individual state into etcd for others to see
-		return EtcdSetHostnameConverged(EmbdEtcd, hostname, b) // TODO: what should happen on error?
-	}
-	if EmbdEtcd != nil {
-		converger.SetStateFn(convergerStateFn)
-	}
-
-	exitchan := make(chan Event) // exit event
-	go func() {
-		startchan := make(chan struct{}) // start signal
-		go func() { startchan <- struct{}{} }()
-		file := c.String("file")
-		var configchan chan bool
-		var puppetchan <-chan time.Time
-		if !c.Bool("no-watch") && c.IsSet("file") {
-			configchan = ConfigWatch(file)
-		} else if c.IsSet("puppet") {
-			interval := PuppetInterval(c.String("puppet-conf"))
-			puppetchan = time.Tick(time.Duration(interval) * time.Second)
-		}
-		log.Println("Etcd: Starting...")
-		etcdchan := EtcdWatch(EmbdEtcd)
-		first := true // first loop or not
-		for {
-			log.Println("Main: Waiting...")
-			select {
-			case <-startchan: // kick the loop once at start
-				// pass
-
-			case b := <-etcdchan:
-				if !b { // ignore the message
-					continue
-				}
-				// everything else passes through to cause a compile!
-
-			case <-puppetchan:
-				// nothing, just go on
-
-			case msg := <-configchan:
-				if c.Bool("no-watch") || !msg {
-					continue // not ready to read config
-				}
-			// XXX: case compile_event: ...
-			// ...
-			case msg := <-exitchan:
-				msg.ACK()
-				return
-			}
-
-			var config *GraphConfig
-			if c.IsSet("file") {
-				config = ParseConfigFromFile(file)
-			} else if c.IsSet("puppet") {
-				config = ParseConfigFromPuppet(c.String("puppet"), c.String("puppet-conf"))
-			}
-			if config == nil {
-				log.Printf("Config: Parse failure")
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if config.Hostname != "" && config.Hostname != hostname {
-				log.Printf("Config: Hostname changed, ignoring config!")
-				continue
-			}
-			config.Hostname = hostname // set it in case it was ""
-
-			// run graph vertex LOCK...
-			if !first { // TODO: we can flatten this check out I think
-				converger.Pause() // FIXME: add sync wait?
-				G.Pause()         // sync
-			}
-
-			// build graph from yaml file on events (eg: from etcd)
-			// we need the vertices to be paused to work on them
-			if newFullgraph, err := fullGraph.NewGraphFromConfig(config, EmbdEtcd, noop); err == nil { // keep references to all original elements
-				fullGraph = newFullgraph
-			} else {
-				log.Printf("Config: Error making new graph from config: %v", err)
-				// unpause!
-				if !first {
-					G.Start(&wg, first) // sync
-					converger.Start()   // after G.Start()
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-
-			G = fullGraph.Copy() // copy to active graph
-			// XXX: do etcd transaction out here...
-			G.AutoEdges() // add autoedges; modifies the graph
-			G.AutoGroup() // run autogroup; modifies the graph
-			// TODO: do we want to do a transitive reduction?
-
-			log.Printf("Graph: %v", G) // show graph
-			err := G.ExecGraphviz(c.String("graphviz-filter"), c.String("graphviz"))
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("Graphviz: %v", err)
-			} else {
-				log.Printf("Graphviz: Successfully generated graph!")
-			}
-			G.AssociateData(converger)
-			// G.Start(...) needs to be synchronous or wait,
-			// because if half of the nodes are started and
-			// some are not ready yet and the EtcdWatch
-			// loops, we'll cause G.Pause(...) before we
-			// even got going, thus causing nil pointer errors
-			G.Start(&wg, first) // sync
-			converger.Start()   // after G.Start()
-			first = false
-		}
-	}()
-
-	configWatcher := NewConfigWatcher()
-	events := configWatcher.Events()
-	if !c.Bool("no-watch") {
-		configWatcher.Add(c.StringSlice("remote")...) // add all the files...
-	} else {
-		events = nil // signal that no-watch is true
-	}
-
-	// initialize the add watcher, which calls the f callback on map changes
-	convergerCb := func(f func(map[string]bool) error) (func(), error) {
-		return EtcdAddHostnameConvergedWatcher(EmbdEtcd, f)
-	}
-
-	// build remotes struct for remote ssh
-	remotes := NewRemotes(
-		EmbdEtcd.LocalhostClientURLs().StringSlice(),
-		[]string{DefaultClientURL},
-		noop,
-		c.StringSlice("remote"), // list of files
-		events,                  // watch for file changes
-		cConns,
-		c.Bool("allow-interactive"),
-		c.String("ssh-priv-id-rsa"),
-		!c.Bool("no-caching"),
-		depth,
-		prefix,
-		converger,
-		convergerCb,
-	)
-
-	// TODO: is there any benefit to running the remotes above in the loop?
-	// wait for etcd to be running before we remote in, which we do above!
-	go remotes.Run()
-
-	if !c.IsSet("file") && !c.IsSet("puppet") {
-		converger.Start() // better start this for empty graphs
-	}
-	log.Println("Main: Running...")
-
-	waitForSignal(exit) // pass in exit channel to watch
-
-	log.Println("Destroy...")
-
-	configWatcher.Close() // stop sending file changes to remotes
-	remotes.Exit()        // tell all the remote connections to shutdown; waits!
-
-	G.Exit() // tell all the children to exit
-
-	// tell inner main loop to exit
-	resp := NewResp()
-	go func() { exitchan <- Event{eventExit, resp, "", false} }()
-
-	// cleanup etcd main loop last so it can process everything first
-	if err := EmbdEtcd.Destroy(); err != nil { // shutdown and cleanup etcd
-		log.Printf("Etcd exited poorly with: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	resp.ACKWait() // let inner main loop finish cleanly just in case
-
-	if DEBUG {
-		log.Printf("Graph: %v", G)
-	}
-
-	wg.Wait() // wait for primary go routines to exit
-
-	// TODO: wait for each vertex to exit...
-	log.Println("Goodbye!")
-	return nil
-}
+// set at compile time
+var (
+	program string
+	version string
+)

 func main() {
-	var flags int
-	if DEBUG || true { // TODO: remove || true
-		flags = log.LstdFlags | log.Lshortfile
+	flags := mgmt.Flags{
+		Debug:   DEBUG,
+		Trace:   TRACE,
+		Verbose: VERBOSE,
 	}
-	flags = (flags - log.Ldate) // remove the date for now
-	log.SetFlags(flags)
-
-	// un-hijack from capnslog...
-	log.SetOutput(os.Stderr)
-	if VERBOSE {
-		capnslog.SetFormatter(capnslog.NewLogFormatter(os.Stderr, "(etcd) ", flags))
-	} else {
-		capnslog.SetFormatter(capnslog.NewNilFormatter())
+	if err := mgmt.CLI(program, version, flags); err != nil {
+		fmt.Println(err)
+		os.Exit(1)
+		return
 	}
-
-	// test for sanity
-	if program == "" || version == "" {
-		log.Fatal("Program was not compiled correctly. Please see Makefile.")
-	}
-	app := cli.NewApp()
-	app.Name = program
-	app.Usage = "next generation config management"
-	app.Version = version
-	//app.Action = ... // without a default action, help runs
-
-	app.Commands = []cli.Command{
-		{
-			Name:    "run",
-			Aliases: []string{"r"},
-			Usage:   "run",
-			Action:  run,
-			Flags: []cli.Flag{
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:   "file, f",
-					Value:  "",
-					Usage:  "graph definition to run",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_FILE",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "no-watch",
-					Usage: "do not update graph on watched graph definition file changes",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "code, c",
-					Value: "",
-					Usage: "code definition to run",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "graphviz, g",
-					Value: "",
-					Usage: "output file for graphviz data",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "graphviz-filter, gf",
-					Value: "dot", // directed graph default
-					Usage: "graphviz filter to use",
-				},
-				// useful for testing multiple instances on same machine
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "hostname",
-					Value: "",
-					Usage: "hostname to use",
-				},
-				// if empty, it will startup a new server
-				cli.StringSliceFlag{
-					Name:   "seeds, s",
-					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{}, // empty slice
-					Usage:  "default etc client endpoint",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_SEEDS",
-				},
-				// port 2379 and 4001 are common
-				cli.StringSliceFlag{
-					Name:   "client-urls",
-					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{},
-					Usage:  "list of URLs to listen on for client traffic",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_CLIENT_URLS",
-				},
-				// port 2380 and 7001 are common
-				cli.StringSliceFlag{
-					Name:   "server-urls, peer-urls",
-					Value:  &cli.StringSlice{},
-					Usage:  "list of URLs to listen on for server (peer) traffic",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_SERVER_URLS",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "no-server",
-					Usage: "do not let other servers peer with me",
-				},
-				cli.IntFlag{
-					Name:   "ideal-cluster-size",
-					Value:  defaultIdealClusterSize,
-					Usage:  "ideal number of server peers in cluster, only read by initial server",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_IDEAL_CLUSTER_SIZE",
-				},
-				cli.IntFlag{
-					Name:   "converged-timeout, t",
-					Value:  -1,
-					Usage:  "exit after approximately this many seconds in a converged state",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_CONVERGED_TIMEOUT",
-				},
-				cli.IntFlag{
-					Name:   "max-runtime",
-					Value:  0,
-					Usage:  "exit after a maximum of approximately this many seconds",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_MAX_RUNTIME",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "noop",
-					Usage: "globally force all resources into no-op mode",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "puppet, p",
-					Value: "",
-					Usage: "load graph from puppet, optionally takes a manifest or path to manifest file",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:  "puppet-conf",
-					Value: "",
-					Usage: "supply the path to an alternate puppet.conf file to use",
-				},
-				cli.StringSliceFlag{
-					Name:  "remote",
-					Value: &cli.StringSlice{},
-					Usage: "list of remote graph definitions to run",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "allow-interactive",
-					Usage: "allow interactive prompting, such as for remote passwords",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:   "ssh-priv-id-rsa",
-					Value:  "~/.ssh/id_rsa",
-					Usage:  "default path to ssh key file, set empty to never touch",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_SSH_PRIV_ID_RSA",
-				},
-				cli.IntFlag{
-					Name:   "cconns",
-					Value:  0,
-					Usage:  "number of maximum concurrent remote ssh connections to run, 0 for unlimited",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_CCONNS",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "no-caching",
-					Usage: "don't allow remote caching of remote execution binary",
-				},
-				cli.IntFlag{
-					Name:   "depth",
-					Hidden: true, // internal use only
-					Value:  0,
-					Usage:  "specify depth in remote hierarchy",
-				},
-				cli.StringFlag{
-					Name:   "prefix",
-					Usage:  "specify a path to the working prefix directory",
-					EnvVar: "MGMT_PREFIX",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "tmp-prefix",
-					Usage: "request a pseudo-random, temporary prefix to be used",
-				},
-				cli.BoolFlag{
-					Name:  "allow-tmp-prefix",
-					Usage: "allow creation of a new temporary prefix if main prefix is unavailable",
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
-	app.Run(os.Args)
 }
--- a/misc/make-deps.sh
+++ b/misc/make-deps.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 # setup a simple go environment
 XPWD=`pwd`
 ROOT="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && cd .. && pwd )"	# dir!
@@ -11,13 +11,30 @@ fi

 sudo_command=$(which sudo)

+YUM=`which yum 2>/dev/null`
+DNF=`which dnf 2>/dev/null`
+APT=`which apt-get 2>/dev/null`
+
+# if DNF is available use it
+if [ -x "$DNF" ]; then
+	YUM=$DNF
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$YUM" -a -z "$APT" ]; then
+	echo "The package managers can't be found."
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ! -z "$YUM" ]; then
+	$sudo_command $YUM install -y libvirt-devel
+
+fi
+if [ ! -z "$APT" ]; then
+	$sudo_command $APT install -y libvirt-dev || true
+	$sudo_command $APT install -y libpcap0.8-dev || true
+fi
+
 if [ $travis -eq 0 ]; then
-	YUM=`which yum 2>/dev/null`
-	APT=`which apt-get 2>/dev/null`
-	if [ -z "$YUM" -a -z "$APT" ]; then
-		echo "The package managers can't be found."
-		exit 1
-	fi
 	if [ ! -z "$YUM" ]; then
 		# some go dependencies are stored in mercurial
 		$sudo_command $YUM install -y golang golang-googlecode-tools-stringer hg
@@ -38,7 +55,7 @@ if go version | grep 'go1\.[0123]\.'; then
 	exit 1
 fi

-go get ./...	# get all the go dependencies
+go get -d ./...	# get all the go dependencies
 [ -e "$GOBIN/mgmt" ] && rm -f "$GOBIN/mgmt"	# the `go get` version has no -X
 # vet is built-in in go 1.6 - we check for go vet command
 go vet 1> /dev/null 2>&1
--- a/pgp/pgp.go
+++ b/pgp/pgp.go
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pgp
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/openpgp"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/openpgp/packet"
+)
+
+// DefaultKeyringFile is the default file name for keyrings.
+const DefaultKeyringFile = "keyring.pgp"
+
+// CONFIG set default Hash.
+var CONFIG packet.Config
+
+func init() {
+	CONFIG.DefaultHash = crypto.SHA256
+}
+
+// PGP contains base entity.
+type PGP struct {
+	Entity *openpgp.Entity
+}
+
+// Import private key from defined path.
+func Import(privKeyPath string) (*PGP, error) {
+
+	privKeyFile, err := os.Open(privKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer privKeyFile.Close()
+
+	file := packet.NewReader(bufio.NewReader(privKeyFile))
+	entity, err := openpgp.ReadEntity(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't read entity from path")
+	}
+
+	obj := &PGP{
+		Entity: entity,
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("PGP: Imported key: %s", obj.Entity.PrivateKey.KeyIdShortString())
+	return obj, nil
+}
+
+// Generate creates new key pair. This key pair must be saved or it will be lost.
+func Generate(name, comment, email string, hash *crypto.Hash) (*PGP, error) {
+	if hash != nil {
+		CONFIG.DefaultHash = *hash
+	}
+	// generate a new public/private key pair
+	entity, err := openpgp.NewEntity(name, comment, email, &CONFIG)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't generate entity")
+	}
+
+	obj := &PGP{
+		Entity: entity,
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("PGP: Created key: %s", obj.Entity.PrivateKey.KeyIdShortString())
+	return obj, nil
+}
+
+// SaveKey writes the whole entity (including private key!) to a .gpg file.
+func (obj *PGP) SaveKey(path string) error {
+	f, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create file from given path")
+	}
+
+	w := bufio.NewWriter(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create writer")
+	}
+
+	if err := obj.Entity.SerializePrivate(w, &CONFIG); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't serialize private key")
+	}
+
+	for _, ident := range obj.Entity.Identities {
+		for _, sig := range ident.Signatures {
+			if err := sig.Serialize(w); err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't serialize signature")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "enable to flush writer")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WriteFile from given buffer in specified path.
+func (obj *PGP) WriteFile(path string, buff *bytes.Buffer) error {
+	w, err := createWriter(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create writer")
+	}
+	buff.WriteTo(w)
+
+	if err := w.Flush(); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't flush buffered data")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateWriter remove duplicate function.
+func createWriter(path string) (*bufio.Writer, error) {
+	f, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create file from given path")
+	}
+	return bufio.NewWriter(f), nil
+}
+
+// Encrypt message for specified entity.
+func (obj *PGP) Encrypt(to *openpgp.Entity, msg string) (string, error) {
+	buf, err := obj.EncryptMsg(to, msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't encrypt message")
+	}
+
+	// encode to base64
+	bytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't read unverified body")
+	}
+	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// EncryptMsg encrypts the message.
+func (obj *PGP) EncryptMsg(to *openpgp.Entity, msg string) (*bytes.Buffer, error) {
+	ents := []*openpgp.Entity{to}
+
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	w, err := openpgp.Encrypt(buf, ents, obj.Entity, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't encrypt message")
+	}
+
+	_, err = w.Write([]byte(msg))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't write to buffer")
+	}
+
+	if err = w.Close(); err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't close writer")
+	}
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+// Decrypt an encrypted msg.
+func (obj *PGP) Decrypt(encString string) (string, error) {
+	entityList := openpgp.EntityList{obj.Entity}
+
+	// decode the base64 string
+	dec, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(encString)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "fail at decoding encrypted string")
+	}
+
+	// decrypt it with the contents of the private key
+	md, err := openpgp.ReadMessage(bytes.NewBuffer(dec), entityList, nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't read message")
+	}
+
+	bytes, err := ioutil.ReadAll(md.UnverifiedBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't read unverified body")
+	}
+	return string(bytes), nil
+}
+
+// GetIdentities return the first identities from current object.
+func (obj *PGP) GetIdentities() (string, error) {
+	identities := []*openpgp.Identity{}
+
+	for _, v := range obj.Entity.Identities {
+		identities = append(identities, v)
+	}
+	return identities[0].Name, nil
+}
+
+// ParseIdentity parses an identity into name, comment and email components.
+func ParseIdentity(identity string) (name, comment, email string, err error) {
+	// get name
+	n := strings.Split(identity, " <")
+	if len(n) != 2 {
+		return "", "", "", errwrap.Wrap(err, "user string mal formated")
+	}
+
+	// get email and comment
+	ec := strings.Split(n[1], "> ")
+	if len(ec) != 2 {
+		return "", "", "", errwrap.Wrap(err, "user string mal formated")
+	}
+
+	return n[0], ec[1], ec[0], nil
+}
--- a/pgraph.go
+++ b/pgraph.go
@@ -1,892 +0,0 @@
-// Mgmt
-// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
-// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
-//
-// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-// Pgraph (Pointer Graph)
-package main
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"sort"
-	"strconv"
-	"sync"
-	"syscall"
-	"time"
-)
-
-//go:generate stringer -type=graphState -output=graphstate_stringer.go
-type graphState int
-
-const (
-	graphStateNil graphState = iota
-	graphStateStarting
-	graphStateStarted
-	graphStatePausing
-	graphStatePaused
-)
-
-// Graph is the graph structure in this library.
-// The graph abstract data type (ADT) is defined as follows:
-// * the directed graph arrows point from left to right ( -> )
-// * the arrows point away from their dependencies (eg: arrows mean "before")
-// * IOW, you might see package -> file -> service (where package runs first)
-// * This is also the direction that the notify should happen in...
-type Graph struct {
-	Name      string
-	Adjacency map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge // *Vertex -> *Vertex (edge)
-	state     graphState
-	mutex     sync.Mutex // used when modifying graph State variable
-}
-
-// Vertex is the primary vertex struct in this library.
-type Vertex struct {
-	Res             // anonymous field
-	timestamp int64 // last updated timestamp ?
-}
-
-// Edge is the primary edge struct in this library.
-type Edge struct {
-	Name string
-}
-
-// NewGraph builds a new graph.
-func NewGraph(name string) *Graph {
-	return &Graph{
-		Name:      name,
-		Adjacency: make(map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge),
-		state:     graphStateNil,
-	}
-}
-
-// NewVertex returns a new graph vertex struct with a contained resource.
-func NewVertex(r Res) *Vertex {
-	return &Vertex{
-		Res: r,
-	}
-}
-
-// NewEdge returns a new graph edge struct.
-func NewEdge(name string) *Edge {
-	return &Edge{
-		Name: name,
-	}
-}
-
-// Copy makes a copy of the graph struct
-func (g *Graph) Copy() *Graph {
-	newGraph := &Graph{
-		Name:      g.Name,
-		Adjacency: make(map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge, len(g.Adjacency)),
-		state:     g.state,
-	}
-	for k, v := range g.Adjacency {
-		newGraph.Adjacency[k] = v // copy
-	}
-	return newGraph
-}
-
-// GetName returns the name of the graph.
-func (g *Graph) GetName() string {
-	return g.Name
-}
-
-// SetName sets the name of the graph.
-func (g *Graph) SetName(name string) {
-	g.Name = name
-}
-
-// getState returns the state of the graph. This state is used for optimizing
-// certain algorithms by knowing what part of processing the graph is currently
-// undergoing.
-func (g *Graph) getState() graphState {
-	//g.mutex.Lock()
-	//defer g.mutex.Unlock()
-	return g.state
-}
-
-// setState sets the graph state and returns the previous state.
-func (g *Graph) setState(state graphState) graphState {
-	g.mutex.Lock()
-	defer g.mutex.Unlock()
-	prev := g.getState()
-	g.state = state
-	return prev
-}
-
-// AddVertex uses variadic input to add all listed vertices to the graph
-func (g *Graph) AddVertex(xv ...*Vertex) {
-	for _, v := range xv {
-		if _, exists := g.Adjacency[v]; !exists {
-			g.Adjacency[v] = make(map[*Vertex]*Edge)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// DeleteVertex deletes a particular vertex from the graph.
-func (g *Graph) DeleteVertex(v *Vertex) {
-	delete(g.Adjacency, v)
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		delete(g.Adjacency[k], v)
-	}
-}
-
-// AddEdge adds a directed edge to the graph from v1 to v2.
-func (g *Graph) AddEdge(v1, v2 *Vertex, e *Edge) {
-	// NOTE: this doesn't allow more than one edge between two vertexes...
-	g.AddVertex(v1, v2) // supports adding N vertices now
-	// TODO: check if an edge exists to avoid overwriting it!
-	// NOTE: VertexMerge() depends on overwriting it at the moment...
-	g.Adjacency[v1][v2] = e
-}
-
-// GetVertexMatch searches for an equivalent resource in the graph and returns
-// the vertex it is found in, or nil if not found.
-func (g *Graph) GetVertexMatch(obj Res) *Vertex {
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		if k.Res.Compare(obj) {
-			return k
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// HasVertex returns if the input vertex exists in the graph.
-func (g *Graph) HasVertex(v *Vertex) bool {
-	if _, exists := g.Adjacency[v]; exists {
-		return true
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// NumVertices returns the number of vertices in the graph.
-func (g *Graph) NumVertices() int {
-	return len(g.Adjacency)
-}
-
-// NumEdges returns the number of edges in the graph.
-func (g *Graph) NumEdges() int {
-	count := 0
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		count += len(g.Adjacency[k])
-	}
-	return count
-}
-
-// GetVertices returns a randomly sorted slice of all vertices in the graph
-// The order is random, because the map implementation is intentionally so!
-func (g *Graph) GetVertices() []*Vertex {
-	var vertices []*Vertex
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		vertices = append(vertices, k)
-	}
-	return vertices
-}
-
-// GetVerticesChan returns a channel of all vertices in the graph.
-func (g *Graph) GetVerticesChan() chan *Vertex {
-	ch := make(chan *Vertex)
-	go func(ch chan *Vertex) {
-		for k := range g.Adjacency {
-			ch <- k
-		}
-		close(ch)
-	}(ch)
-	return ch
-}
-
-// VertexSlice is a linear list of vertices. It can be sorted.
-type VertexSlice []*Vertex
-
-func (vs VertexSlice) Len() int           { return len(vs) }
-func (vs VertexSlice) Swap(i, j int)      { vs[i], vs[j] = vs[j], vs[i] }
-func (vs VertexSlice) Less(i, j int) bool { return vs[i].String() < vs[j].String() }
-
-// GetVerticesSorted returns a sorted slice of all vertices in the graph
-// The order is sorted by String() to avoid the non-determinism in the map type
-func (g *Graph) GetVerticesSorted() []*Vertex {
-	var vertices []*Vertex
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		vertices = append(vertices, k)
-	}
-	sort.Sort(VertexSlice(vertices)) // add determinism
-	return vertices
-}
-
-// String makes the graph pretty print.
-func (g *Graph) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("Vertices(%d), Edges(%d)", g.NumVertices(), g.NumEdges())
-}
-
-// String returns the canonical form for a vertex
-func (v *Vertex) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s[%s]", v.Res.Kind(), v.Res.GetName())
-}
-
-// Graphviz outputs the graph in graphviz format.
-// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOT_%28graph_description_language%29
-func (g *Graph) Graphviz() (out string) {
-	//digraph g {
-	//	label="hello world";
-	//	node [shape=box];
-	//	A [label="A"];
-	//	B [label="B"];
-	//	C [label="C"];
-	//	D [label="D"];
-	//	E [label="E"];
-	//	A -> B [label=f];
-	//	B -> C [label=g];
-	//	D -> E [label=h];
-	//}
-	out += fmt.Sprintf("digraph %v {\n", g.GetName())
-	out += fmt.Sprintf("\tlabel=\"%v\";\n", g.GetName())
-	//out += "\tnode [shape=box];\n"
-	str := ""
-	for i := range g.Adjacency { // reverse paths
-		out += fmt.Sprintf("\t%v [label=\"%v[%v]\"];\n", i.GetName(), i.Kind(), i.GetName())
-		for j := range g.Adjacency[i] {
-			k := g.Adjacency[i][j]
-			// use str for clearer output ordering
-			str += fmt.Sprintf("\t%v -> %v [label=%v];\n", i.GetName(), j.GetName(), k.Name)
-		}
-	}
-	out += str
-	out += "}\n"
-	return
-}
-
-// ExecGraphviz writes out the graphviz data and runs the correct graphviz
-// filter command.
-func (g *Graph) ExecGraphviz(program, filename string) error {
-
-	switch program {
-	case "dot", "neato", "twopi", "circo", "fdp":
-	default:
-		return errors.New("Invalid graphviz program selected!")
-	}
-
-	if filename == "" {
-		return errors.New("No filename given!")
-	}
-
-	// run as a normal user if possible when run with sudo
-	uid, err1 := strconv.Atoi(os.Getenv("SUDO_UID"))
-	gid, err2 := strconv.Atoi(os.Getenv("SUDO_GID"))
-
-	err := ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(g.Graphviz()), 0644)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.New("Error writing to filename!")
-	}
-
-	if err1 == nil && err2 == nil {
-		if err := os.Chown(filename, uid, gid); err != nil {
-			return errors.New("Error changing file owner!")
-		}
-	}
-
-	path, err := exec.LookPath(program)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.New("Graphviz is missing!")
-	}
-
-	out := fmt.Sprintf("%v.png", filename)
-	cmd := exec.Command(path, "-Tpng", fmt.Sprintf("-o%v", out), filename)
-
-	if err1 == nil && err2 == nil {
-		cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{}
-		cmd.SysProcAttr.Credential = &syscall.Credential{
-			Uid: uint32(uid),
-			Gid: uint32(gid),
-		}
-	}
-	_, err = cmd.Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.New("Error writing to image!")
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// IncomingGraphEdges returns an array (slice) of all directed vertices to
-// vertex v (??? -> v). OKTimestamp should probably use this.
-func (g *Graph) IncomingGraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	// TODO: we might be able to implement this differently by reversing
-	// the Adjacency graph and then looping through it again...
-	var s []*Vertex
-	for k := range g.Adjacency { // reverse paths
-		for w := range g.Adjacency[k] {
-			if w == v {
-				s = append(s, k)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return s
-}
-
-// OutgoingGraphEdges returns an array (slice) of all vertices that vertex v
-// points to (v -> ???). Poke should probably use this.
-func (g *Graph) OutgoingGraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	var s []*Vertex
-	for k := range g.Adjacency[v] { // forward paths
-		s = append(s, k)
-	}
-	return s
-}
-
-// GraphEdges returns an array (slice) of all vertices that connect to vertex v.
-// This is the union of IncomingGraphEdges and OutgoingGraphEdges.
-func (g *Graph) GraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	var s []*Vertex
-	s = append(s, g.IncomingGraphEdges(v)...)
-	s = append(s, g.OutgoingGraphEdges(v)...)
-	return s
-}
-
-// DFS returns a depth first search for the graph, starting at the input vertex.
-func (g *Graph) DFS(start *Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	var d []*Vertex // discovered
-	var s []*Vertex // stack
-	if _, exists := g.Adjacency[start]; !exists {
-		return nil // TODO: error
-	}
-	v := start
-	s = append(s, v)
-	for len(s) > 0 {
-		v, s = s[len(s)-1], s[:len(s)-1] // s.pop()
-
-		if !VertexContains(v, d) { // if not discovered
-			d = append(d, v) // label as discovered
-
-			for _, w := range g.GraphEdges(v) {
-				s = append(s, w)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return d
-}
-
-// FilterGraph builds a new graph containing only vertices from the list.
-func (g *Graph) FilterGraph(name string, vertices []*Vertex) *Graph {
-	newgraph := NewGraph(name)
-	for k1, x := range g.Adjacency {
-		for k2, e := range x {
-			//log.Printf("Filter: %v -> %v # %v", k1.Name, k2.Name, e.Name)
-			if VertexContains(k1, vertices) || VertexContains(k2, vertices) {
-				newgraph.AddEdge(k1, k2, e)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return newgraph
-}
-
-// GetDisconnectedGraphs returns a channel containing the N disconnected graphs
-// in our main graph. We can then process each of these in parallel.
-func (g *Graph) GetDisconnectedGraphs() chan *Graph {
-	ch := make(chan *Graph)
-	go func() {
-		var start *Vertex
-		var d []*Vertex // discovered
-		c := g.NumVertices()
-		for len(d) < c {
-
-			// get an undiscovered vertex to start from
-			for _, s := range g.GetVertices() {
-				if !VertexContains(s, d) {
-					start = s
-				}
-			}
-
-			// dfs through the graph
-			dfs := g.DFS(start)
-			// filter all the collected elements into a new graph
-			newgraph := g.FilterGraph(g.Name, dfs)
-
-			// add number of elements found to found variable
-			d = append(d, dfs...) // extend
-
-			// return this new graph to the channel
-			ch <- newgraph
-
-			// if we've found all the elements, then we're done
-			// otherwise loop through to continue...
-		}
-		close(ch)
-	}()
-	return ch
-}
-
-// InDegree returns the count of vertices that point to me in one big lookup map.
-func (g *Graph) InDegree() map[*Vertex]int {
-	result := make(map[*Vertex]int)
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		result[k] = 0 // initialize
-	}
-
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		for z := range g.Adjacency[k] {
-			result[z]++
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-// OutDegree returns the count of vertices that point away in one big lookup map.
-func (g *Graph) OutDegree() map[*Vertex]int {
-	result := make(map[*Vertex]int)
-
-	for k := range g.Adjacency {
-		result[k] = 0 // initialize
-		for range g.Adjacency[k] {
-			result[k]++
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-// TopologicalSort returns the sort of graph vertices in that order.
-// based on descriptions and code from wikipedia and rosetta code
-// TODO: add memoization, and cache invalidation to speed this up :)
-func (g *Graph) TopologicalSort() (result []*Vertex, ok bool) { // kahn's algorithm
-	var L []*Vertex                    // empty list that will contain the sorted elements
-	var S []*Vertex                    // set of all nodes with no incoming edges
-	remaining := make(map[*Vertex]int) // amount of edges remaining
-
-	for v, d := range g.InDegree() {
-		if d == 0 {
-			// accumulate set of all nodes with no incoming edges
-			S = append(S, v)
-		} else {
-			// initialize remaining edge count from indegree
-			remaining[v] = d
-		}
-	}
-
-	for len(S) > 0 {
-		last := len(S) - 1 // remove a node v from S
-		v := S[last]
-		S = S[:last]
-		L = append(L, v) // add v to tail of L
-		for n := range g.Adjacency[v] {
-			// for each node n remaining in the graph, consume from
-			// remaining, so for remaining[n] > 0
-			if remaining[n] > 0 {
-				remaining[n]--         // remove edge from the graph
-				if remaining[n] == 0 { // if n has no other incoming edges
-					S = append(S, n) // insert n into S
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// if graph has edges, eg if any value in rem is > 0
-	for c, in := range remaining {
-		if in > 0 {
-			for n := range g.Adjacency[c] {
-				if remaining[n] > 0 {
-					return nil, false // not a dag!
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return L, true
-}
-
-// Reachability finds the shortest path in a DAG from a to b, and returns the
-// slice of vertices that matched this particular path including both a and b.
-// It returns nil if a or b is nil, and returns empty list if no path is found.
-// Since there could be more than one possible result for this operation, we
-// arbitrarily choose one of the shortest possible. As a result, this should
-// actually return a tree if we cared about correctness.
-// This operates by a recursive algorithm; a more efficient version is likely.
-// If you don't give this function a DAG, you might cause infinite recursion!
-func (g *Graph) Reachability(a, b *Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	if a == nil || b == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	vertices := g.OutgoingGraphEdges(a) // what points away from a ?
-	if len(vertices) == 0 {
-		return []*Vertex{} // nope
-	}
-	if VertexContains(b, vertices) {
-		return []*Vertex{a, b} // found
-	}
-	// TODO: parallelize this with go routines?
-	var collected = make([][]*Vertex, len(vertices))
-	pick := -1
-	for i, v := range vertices {
-		collected[i] = g.Reachability(v, b) // find b by recursion
-		if l := len(collected[i]); l > 0 {
-			// pick shortest path
-			// TODO: technically i should return a tree
-			if pick < 0 || l < len(collected[pick]) {
-				pick = i
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if pick < 0 {
-		return []*Vertex{} // nope
-	}
-	result := []*Vertex{a} // tack on a
-	result = append(result, collected[pick]...)
-	return result
-}
-
-// VertexMerge merges v2 into v1 by reattaching the edges where appropriate,
-// and then by deleting v2 from the graph. Since more than one edge between two
-// vertices is not allowed, duplicate edges are merged as well. an edge merge
-// function can be provided if you'd like to control how you merge the edges!
-func (g *Graph) VertexMerge(v1, v2 *Vertex, vertexMergeFn func(*Vertex, *Vertex) (*Vertex, error), edgeMergeFn func(*Edge, *Edge) *Edge) error {
-	// methodology
-	// 1) edges between v1 and v2 are removed
-	//Loop:
-	for k1 := range g.Adjacency {
-		for k2 := range g.Adjacency[k1] {
-			// v1 -> v2 || v2 -> v1
-			if (k1 == v1 && k2 == v2) || (k1 == v2 && k2 == v1) {
-				delete(g.Adjacency[k1], k2) // delete map & edge
-				// NOTE: if we assume this is a DAG, then we can
-				// assume only v1 -> v2 OR v2 -> v1 exists, and
-				// we can break out of these loops immediately!
-				//break Loop
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// 2) edges that point towards v2 from X now point to v1 from X (no dupes)
-	for _, x := range g.IncomingGraphEdges(v2) { // all to vertex v (??? -> v)
-		e := g.Adjacency[x][v2] // previous edge
-		r := g.Reachability(x, v1)
-		// merge e with ex := g.Adjacency[x][v1] if it exists!
-		if ex, exists := g.Adjacency[x][v1]; exists && edgeMergeFn != nil && len(r) == 0 {
-			e = edgeMergeFn(e, ex)
-		}
-		if len(r) == 0 { // if not reachable, add it
-			g.AddEdge(x, v1, e) // overwrite edge
-		} else if edgeMergeFn != nil { // reachable, merge e through...
-			prev := x // initial condition
-			for i, next := range r {
-				if i == 0 {
-					// next == prev, therefore skip
-					continue
-				}
-				// this edge is from: prev, to: next
-				ex, _ := g.Adjacency[prev][next] // get
-				ex = edgeMergeFn(ex, e)
-				g.Adjacency[prev][next] = ex // set
-				prev = next
-			}
-		}
-		delete(g.Adjacency[x], v2) // delete old edge
-	}
-
-	// 3) edges that point from v2 to X now point from v1 to X (no dupes)
-	for _, x := range g.OutgoingGraphEdges(v2) { // all from vertex v (v -> ???)
-		e := g.Adjacency[v2][x] // previous edge
-		r := g.Reachability(v1, x)
-		// merge e with ex := g.Adjacency[v1][x] if it exists!
-		if ex, exists := g.Adjacency[v1][x]; exists && edgeMergeFn != nil && len(r) == 0 {
-			e = edgeMergeFn(e, ex)
-		}
-		if len(r) == 0 {
-			g.AddEdge(v1, x, e) // overwrite edge
-		} else if edgeMergeFn != nil { // reachable, merge e through...
-			prev := v1 // initial condition
-			for i, next := range r {
-				if i == 0 {
-					// next == prev, therefore skip
-					continue
-				}
-				// this edge is from: prev, to: next
-				ex, _ := g.Adjacency[prev][next]
-				ex = edgeMergeFn(ex, e)
-				g.Adjacency[prev][next] = ex
-				prev = next
-			}
-		}
-		delete(g.Adjacency[v2], x)
-	}
-
-	// 4) merge and then remove the (now merged/grouped) vertex
-	if vertexMergeFn != nil { // run vertex merge function
-		if v, err := vertexMergeFn(v1, v2); err != nil {
-			return err
-		} else if v != nil { // replace v1 with the "merged" version...
-			v1 = v // XXX: will this replace v1 the way we want?
-		}
-	}
-	g.DeleteVertex(v2) // remove grouped vertex
-
-	// 5) creation of a cyclic graph should throw an error
-	if _, dag := g.TopologicalSort(); !dag { // am i a dag or not?
-		return fmt.Errorf("Graph is not a dag!")
-	}
-	return nil // success
-}
-
-// GetTimestamp returns the timestamp of a vertex
-func (v *Vertex) GetTimestamp() int64 {
-	return v.timestamp
-}
-
-// UpdateTimestamp updates the timestamp on a vertex and returns the new value
-func (v *Vertex) UpdateTimestamp() int64 {
-	v.timestamp = time.Now().UnixNano() // update
-	return v.timestamp
-}
-
-// OKTimestamp returns true if this element can run right now?
-func (g *Graph) OKTimestamp(v *Vertex) bool {
-	// these are all the vertices pointing TO v, eg: ??? -> v
-	for _, n := range g.IncomingGraphEdges(v) {
-		// if the vertex has a greater timestamp than any pre-req (n)
-		// then we can't run right now...
-		// if they're equal (eg: on init of 0) then we also can't run
-		// b/c we should let our pre-req's go first...
-		x, y := v.GetTimestamp(), n.GetTimestamp()
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: OKTimestamp: (%v) >= %v[%v](%v): !%v", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), x, n.Kind(), n.GetName(), y, x >= y)
-		}
-		if x >= y {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// Poke notifies nodes after me in the dependency graph that they need refreshing...
-// NOTE: this assumes that this can never fail or need to be rescheduled
-func (g *Graph) Poke(v *Vertex, activity bool) {
-	// these are all the vertices pointing AWAY FROM v, eg: v -> ???
-	for _, n := range g.OutgoingGraphEdges(v) {
-		// XXX: if we're in state event and haven't been cancelled by
-		// apply, then we can cancel a poke to a child, right? XXX
-		// XXX: if n.Res.getState() != resStateEvent { // is this correct?
-		if true { // XXX
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Poke: %v[%v]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
-			}
-			n.SendEvent(eventPoke, false, activity) // XXX: can this be switched to sync?
-		} else {
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Poke: %v[%v]: Skipped!", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// BackPoke pokes the pre-requisites that are stale and need to run before I can run.
-func (g *Graph) BackPoke(v *Vertex) {
-	// these are all the vertices pointing TO v, eg: ??? -> v
-	for _, n := range g.IncomingGraphEdges(v) {
-		x, y, s := v.GetTimestamp(), n.GetTimestamp(), n.Res.GetState()
-		// if the parent timestamp needs poking AND it's not in state
-		// resStateEvent, then poke it. If the parent is in resStateEvent it
-		// means that an event is pending, so we'll be expecting a poke
-		// back soon, so we can safely discard the extra parent poke...
-		// TODO: implement a stateLT (less than) to tell if something
-		// happens earlier in the state cycle and that doesn't wrap nil
-		if x >= y && (s != resStateEvent && s != resStateCheckApply) {
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: BackPoke: %v[%v]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
-			}
-			n.SendEvent(eventBackPoke, false, false) // XXX: can this be switched to sync?
-		} else {
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: BackPoke: %v[%v]: Skipped!", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Process is the primary function to execute for a particular vertex in the graph.
-// XXX: rename this function
-func (g *Graph) Process(v *Vertex) {
-	obj := v.Res
-	if DEBUG {
-		log.Printf("%v[%v]: Process()", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
-	}
-	obj.SetState(resStateEvent)
-	var ok = true
-	var apply = false // did we run an apply?
-	// is it okay to run dependency wise right now?
-	// if not, that's okay because when the dependency runs, it will poke
-	// us back and we will run if needed then!
-	if g.OKTimestamp(v) {
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: OKTimestamp(%v)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), v.GetTimestamp())
-		}
-
-		obj.SetState(resStateCheckApply)
-		// if this fails, don't UpdateTimestamp()
-		checkok, err := obj.CheckApply(!obj.Meta().Noop)
-		if checkok && err != nil { // should never return this way
-			log.Fatalf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(): %t, %+v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), checkok, err)
-		}
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(): %t, %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), checkok, err)
-		}
-
-		if !checkok { // if state *was* not ok, we had to have apply'ed
-			if err != nil { // error during check or apply
-				ok = false
-			} else {
-				apply = true
-			}
-		}
-
-		// when noop is true we always want to update timestamp
-		if obj.Meta().Noop && err == nil {
-			ok = true
-		}
-
-		if ok {
-			// update this timestamp *before* we poke or the poked
-			// nodes might fail due to having a too old timestamp!
-			v.UpdateTimestamp()          // this was touched...
-			obj.SetState(resStatePoking) // can't cancel parent poke
-			g.Poke(v, apply)
-		}
-		// poke at our pre-req's instead since they need to refresh/run...
-	} else {
-		// only poke at the pre-req's that need to run
-		go g.BackPoke(v)
-	}
-}
-
-// Start is a main kick to start the graph. It goes through in reverse topological
-// sort order so that events can't hit un-started vertices.
-func (g *Graph) Start(wg *sync.WaitGroup, first bool) { // start or continue
-	log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStateStarting), g.getState())
-	defer log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStateStarted), g.getState())
-	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
-	// TODO: only calculate indegree if `first` is true to save resources
-	indegree := g.InDegree() // compute all of the indegree's
-	for _, v := range Reverse(t) {
-
-		if !v.Res.IsWatching() { // if Watch() is not running...
-			wg.Add(1)
-			// must pass in value to avoid races...
-			// see: https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2015/07/27/golang-parallelism-issues-causing-too-many-open-files-error/
-			go func(vv *Vertex) {
-				defer wg.Done()
-				// listen for chan events from Watch() and run
-				// the Process() function when they're received
-				// this avoids us having to pass the data into
-				// the Watch() function about which graph it is
-				// running on, which isolates things nicely...
-				chanProcess := make(chan Event)
-				go func() {
-					for event := range chanProcess {
-						// this has to be synchronous,
-						// because otherwise the Res
-						// event loop will keep running
-						// and change state, causing the
-						// converged timeout to fire!
-						g.Process(vv)
-						event.ACK() // sync
-					}
-				}()
-				vv.Res.Watch(chanProcess) // i block until i end
-				close(chanProcess)
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Exited", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName())
-			}(v)
-		}
-
-		// selective poke: here we reduce the number of initial pokes
-		// to the minimum required to activate every vertex in the
-		// graph, either by direct action, or by getting poked by a
-		// vertex that was previously activated. if we poke each vertex
-		// that has no incoming edges, then we can be sure to reach the
-		// whole graph. Please note: this may mask certain optimization
-		// failures, such as any poke limiting code in Poke() or
-		// BackPoke(). You might want to disable this selective start
-		// when experimenting with and testing those elements.
-		// if we are unpausing (since it's not the first run of this
-		// function) we need to poke to *unpause* every graph vertex,
-		// and not just selectively the subset with no indegree.
-		if (!first) || indegree[v] == 0 {
-			// ensure state is started before continuing on to next vertex
-			for !v.SendEvent(eventStart, true, false) {
-				if DEBUG {
-					// if SendEvent fails, we aren't up yet
-					log.Printf("%v[%v]: Retrying SendEvent(Start)", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
-					// sleep here briefly or otherwise cause
-					// a different goroutine to be scheduled
-					time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Pause sends pause events to the graph in a topological sort order.
-func (g *Graph) Pause() {
-	log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStatePausing), g.getState())
-	defer log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStatePaused), g.getState())
-	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
-	for _, v := range t { // squeeze out the events...
-		v.SendEvent(eventPause, true, false)
-	}
-}
-
-// Exit sends exit events to the graph in a topological sort order.
-func (g *Graph) Exit() {
-	if g == nil {
-		return
-	} // empty graph that wasn't populated yet
-	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
-	for _, v := range t { // squeeze out the events...
-		// turn off the taps...
-		// XXX: do this by sending an exit signal, and then returning
-		// when we hit the 'default' in the select statement!
-		// XXX: we can do this to quiesce, but it's not necessary now
-
-		v.SendEvent(eventExit, true, false)
-	}
-}
-
-// AssociateData associates some data with the object in the graph in question
-func (g *Graph) AssociateData(converger Converger) {
-	for v := range g.GetVerticesChan() {
-		v.Res.AssociateData(converger)
-	}
-}
-
-// VertexContains is an "in array" function to test for a vertex in a slice of vertices.
-func VertexContains(needle *Vertex, haystack []*Vertex) bool {
-	for _, v := range haystack {
-		if needle == v {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// Reverse reverses a list of vertices.
-func Reverse(vs []*Vertex) []*Vertex {
-	//var out []*Vertex       // XXX: golint suggests, but it fails testing
-	out := make([]*Vertex, 0) // empty list
-	l := len(vs)
-	for i := range vs {
-		out = append(out, vs[l-i-1])
-	}
-	return out
-}
--- a/pgraph/actions.go
+++ b/pgraph/actions.go
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// GetTimestamp returns the timestamp of a vertex
+func (v *Vertex) GetTimestamp() int64 {
+	return v.timestamp
+}
+
+// UpdateTimestamp updates the timestamp on a vertex and returns the new value
+func (v *Vertex) UpdateTimestamp() int64 {
+	v.timestamp = time.Now().UnixNano() // update
+	return v.timestamp
+}
+
+// OKTimestamp returns true if this element can run right now?
+func (g *Graph) OKTimestamp(v *Vertex) bool {
+	// these are all the vertices pointing TO v, eg: ??? -> v
+	for _, n := range g.IncomingGraphVertices(v) {
+		// if the vertex has a greater timestamp than any pre-req (n)
+		// then we can't run right now...
+		// if they're equal (eg: on init of 0) then we also can't run
+		// b/c we should let our pre-req's go first...
+		x, y := v.GetTimestamp(), n.GetTimestamp()
+		if g.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: OKTimestamp: (%v) >= %s[%s](%v): !%v", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), x, n.Kind(), n.GetName(), y, x >= y)
+		}
+		if x >= y {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Poke notifies nodes after me in the dependency graph that they need refreshing...
+// NOTE: this assumes that this can never fail or need to be rescheduled
+func (g *Graph) Poke(v *Vertex, activity bool) error {
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	// these are all the vertices pointing AWAY FROM v, eg: v -> ???
+	for _, n := range g.OutgoingGraphVertices(v) {
+		// XXX: if we're in state event and haven't been cancelled by
+		// apply, then we can cancel a poke to a child, right? XXX
+		// XXX: if n.Res.getState() != resources.ResStateEvent || activity { // is this correct?
+		if true || activity { // XXX: ???
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Poke: %s[%s]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
+			}
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(nn *Vertex) error {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				edge := g.Adjacency[v][nn] // lookup
+				notify := edge.Notify && edge.Refresh()
+
+				// FIXME: is it okay that this is sync?
+				nn.SendEvent(event.EventPoke, true, notify)
+				// TODO: check return value?
+				return nil // never error for now...
+			}(n)
+
+		} else {
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Poke: %s[%s]: Skipped!", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	wg.Wait() // wait for all the pokes to complete
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BackPoke pokes the pre-requisites that are stale and need to run before I can run.
+func (g *Graph) BackPoke(v *Vertex) {
+	// these are all the vertices pointing TO v, eg: ??? -> v
+	for _, n := range g.IncomingGraphVertices(v) {
+		x, y, s := v.GetTimestamp(), n.GetTimestamp(), n.Res.GetState()
+		// if the parent timestamp needs poking AND it's not in state
+		// ResStateEvent, then poke it. If the parent is in ResStateEvent it
+		// means that an event is pending, so we'll be expecting a poke
+		// back soon, so we can safely discard the extra parent poke...
+		// TODO: implement a stateLT (less than) to tell if something
+		// happens earlier in the state cycle and that doesn't wrap nil
+		if x >= y && (s != resources.ResStateEvent && s != resources.ResStateCheckApply) {
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: BackPoke: %s[%s]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
+			}
+			// FIXME: is it okay that this is sync?
+			n.SendEvent(event.EventBackPoke, true, false)
+		} else {
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: BackPoke: %s[%s]: Skipped!", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), n.Kind(), n.GetName())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// RefreshPending determines if any previous nodes have a refresh pending here.
+// If this is true, it means I am expected to apply a refresh when I next run.
+func (g *Graph) RefreshPending(v *Vertex) bool {
+	var refresh bool
+	for _, edge := range g.IncomingGraphEdges(v) {
+		// if we asked for a notify *and* if one is pending!
+		if edge.Notify && edge.Refresh() {
+			refresh = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	return refresh
+}
+
+// SetUpstreamRefresh sets the refresh value to any upstream vertices.
+func (g *Graph) SetUpstreamRefresh(v *Vertex, b bool) {
+	for _, edge := range g.IncomingGraphEdges(v) {
+		if edge.Notify {
+			edge.SetRefresh(b)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// SetDownstreamRefresh sets the refresh value to any downstream vertices.
+func (g *Graph) SetDownstreamRefresh(v *Vertex, b bool) {
+	for _, edge := range g.OutgoingGraphEdges(v) {
+		// if we asked for a notify *and* if one is pending!
+		if edge.Notify {
+			edge.SetRefresh(b)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Process is the primary function to execute for a particular vertex in the graph.
+func (g *Graph) Process(v *Vertex) error {
+	obj := v.Res
+	if g.Flags.Debug {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Process()", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+	obj.SetState(resources.ResStateEvent)
+	var ok = true
+	var applied = false // did we run an apply?
+	// is it okay to run dependency wise right now?
+	// if not, that's okay because when the dependency runs, it will poke
+	// us back and we will run if needed then!
+	if g.OKTimestamp(v) {
+		if g.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: OKTimestamp(%v)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), v.GetTimestamp())
+		}
+
+		obj.SetState(resources.ResStateCheckApply)
+
+		// connect any senders to receivers and detect if values changed
+		if updated, err := obj.SendRecv(obj); err != nil {
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not SendRecv in Process")
+		} else if len(updated) > 0 {
+			for _, changed := range updated {
+				if changed { // at least one was updated
+					obj.StateOK(false) // invalidate cache, mark as dirty
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		var noop = obj.Meta().Noop // lookup the noop value
+		var refresh bool
+		var checkOK bool
+		var err error
+
+		if g.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), !noop)
+		}
+
+		// lookup the refresh (notification) variable
+		refresh = g.RefreshPending(v) // do i need to perform a refresh?
+		obj.SetRefresh(refresh)       // tell the resource
+
+		// check cached state, to skip CheckApply; can't skip if refreshing
+		if !refresh && obj.IsStateOK() {
+			checkOK, err = true, nil
+
+			// NOTE: technically this block is wrong because we don't know
+			// if the resource implements refresh! If it doesn't, we could
+			// skip this, but it doesn't make a big difference under noop!
+		} else if noop && refresh { // had a refresh to do w/ noop!
+			checkOK, err = false, nil // therefore the state is wrong
+
+			// run the CheckApply!
+		} else {
+			// if this fails, don't UpdateTimestamp()
+			checkOK, err = obj.CheckApply(!noop)
+		}
+
+		if checkOK && err != nil { // should never return this way
+			log.Fatalf("%s[%s]: CheckApply(): %t, %+v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), checkOK, err)
+		}
+		if g.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply(): %t, %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), checkOK, err)
+		}
+
+		// if CheckApply ran without noop and without error, state should be good
+		if !noop && err == nil { // aka !noop || checkOK
+			obj.StateOK(true) // reset
+			if refresh {
+				g.SetUpstreamRefresh(v, false) // refresh happened, clear the request
+				obj.SetRefresh(false)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !checkOK { // if state *was* not ok, we had to have apply'ed
+			if err != nil { // error during check or apply
+				ok = false
+			} else {
+				applied = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		// when noop is true we always want to update timestamp
+		if noop && err == nil {
+			ok = true
+		}
+
+		if ok {
+			// did we actually do work?
+			activity := applied
+			if noop {
+				activity = false // no we didn't do work...
+			}
+
+			if activity { // add refresh flag to downstream edges...
+				g.SetDownstreamRefresh(v, true)
+			}
+
+			// update this timestamp *before* we poke or the poked
+			// nodes might fail due to having a too old timestamp!
+			v.UpdateTimestamp()                    // this was touched...
+			obj.SetState(resources.ResStatePoking) // can't cancel parent poke
+			if err := g.Poke(v, activity); err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "the Poke() failed")
+			}
+		}
+		// poke at our pre-req's instead since they need to refresh/run...
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not Process() successfully")
+	}
+	// else... only poke at the pre-req's that need to run
+	go g.BackPoke(v)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SentinelErr is a sentinal as an error type that wraps an arbitrary error.
+type SentinelErr struct {
+	err error
+}
+
+// Error is the required method to fulfill the error type.
+func (obj *SentinelErr) Error() string {
+	return obj.err.Error()
+}
+
+// Worker is the common run frontend of the vertex. It handles all of the retry
+// and retry delay common code, and ultimately returns the final status of this
+// vertex execution.
+func (g *Graph) Worker(v *Vertex) error {
+	// listen for chan events from Watch() and run
+	// the Process() function when they're received
+	// this avoids us having to pass the data into
+	// the Watch() function about which graph it is
+	// running on, which isolates things nicely...
+	obj := v.Res
+	processChan := make(chan event.Event)
+	go func() {
+		running := false
+		var timer = time.NewTimer(time.Duration(math.MaxInt64)) // longest duration
+		if !timer.Stop() {
+			<-timer.C // unnecessary, shouldn't happen
+		}
+		var delay = time.Duration(v.Meta().Delay) * time.Millisecond
+		var retry = v.Meta().Retry // number of tries left, -1 for infinite
+		var saved event.Event
+	Loop:
+		for {
+			// this has to be synchronous, because otherwise the Res
+			// event loop will keep running and change state,
+			// causing the converged timeout to fire!
+			select {
+			case event, ok := <-processChan: // must use like this
+				if running && ok {
+					// we got an event that wasn't a close,
+					// while we were waiting for the timer!
+					// if this happens, it might be a bug:(
+					log.Fatalf("%s[%s]: Worker: Unexpected event: %+v", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), event)
+				}
+				if !ok { // processChan closed, let's exit
+					break Loop // no event, so no ack!
+				}
+
+				// the above mentioned synchronous part, is the
+				// running of this function, paired with an ack.
+				if e := g.Process(v); e != nil {
+					saved = event
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply errored: %v", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), e)
+					if retry == 0 {
+						// wrap the error in the sentinel
+						event.ACKNACK(&SentinelErr{e}) // fail the Watch()
+						break Loop
+					}
+					if retry > 0 { // don't decrement the -1
+						retry--
+					}
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply: Retrying after %.4f seconds (%d left)", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), delay.Seconds(), retry)
+					// start the timer...
+					timer.Reset(delay)
+					running = true
+					continue
+				}
+				retry = v.Meta().Retry // reset on success
+				event.ACK()            // sync
+
+			case <-timer.C:
+				if !timer.Stop() {
+					//<-timer.C // blocks, docs are wrong!
+				}
+				running = false
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply delay expired!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+				// re-send this failed event, to trigger a CheckApply()
+				go func() { processChan <- saved }()
+				// TODO: should we send a fake event instead?
+				//saved = nil
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	var err error // propagate the error up (this is a permanent BAD error!)
+	// the watch delay runs inside of the Watch resource loop, so that it
+	// can still process signals and exit if needed. It shouldn't run any
+	// resource specific code since this is supposed to be a retry delay.
+	// NOTE: we're using the same retry and delay metaparams that CheckApply
+	// uses. This is for practicality. We can separate them later if needed!
+	var watchDelay time.Duration
+	var watchRetry = v.Meta().Retry // number of tries left, -1 for infinite
+	// watch blocks until it ends, & errors to retry
+	for {
+		// TODO: do we have to stop the converged-timeout when in this block (perhaps we're in the delay block!)
+		// TODO: should we setup/manage some of the converged timeout stuff in here anyways?
+
+		// if a retry-delay was requested, wait, but don't block our events!
+		if watchDelay > 0 {
+			//var pendingSendEvent bool
+			timer := time.NewTimer(watchDelay)
+		Loop:
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-timer.C: // the wait is over
+					break Loop // critical
+
+				// TODO: resources could have a separate exit channel to avoid this complexity!?
+				case event := <-obj.Events():
+					// NOTE: this code should match the similar Res code!
+					//cuid.SetConverged(false) // TODO: ?
+					if exit, send := obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+						return nil // exit
+					} else if send {
+						// if we dive down this rabbit hole, our
+						// timer.C won't get seen until we get out!
+						// in this situation, the Watch() is blocked
+						// from performing until CheckApply returns
+						// successfully, or errors out. This isn't
+						// so bad, but we should document it. Is it
+						// possible that some resource *needs* Watch
+						// to run to be able to execute a CheckApply?
+						// That situation shouldn't be common, and
+						// should probably not be allowed. Can we
+						// avoid it though?
+						//if exit, err := doSend(); exit || err != nil {
+						//	return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+						//}
+						// Instead of doing the above, we can
+						// add events to a pending list, and
+						// when we finish the delay, we can run
+						// them.
+						//pendingSendEvent = true // all events are identical for now...
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			timer.Stop() // it's nice to cleanup
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Watch delay expired!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+			// NOTE: we can avoid the send if running Watch guarantees
+			// one CheckApply event on startup!
+			//if pendingSendEvent { // TODO: should this become a list in the future?
+			//	if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+			//		return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			//	}
+			//}
+		}
+
+		// TODO: reset the watch retry count after some amount of success
+		e := v.Res.Watch(processChan)
+		if e == nil { // exit signal
+			err = nil // clean exit
+			break
+		}
+		if sentinelErr, ok := e.(*SentinelErr); ok { // unwrap the sentinel
+			err = sentinelErr.err
+			break // sentinel means, perma-exit
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Watch errored: %v", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), e)
+		if watchRetry == 0 {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("Permanent watch error: %v", e)
+			break
+		}
+		if watchRetry > 0 { // don't decrement the -1
+			watchRetry--
+		}
+		watchDelay = time.Duration(v.Meta().Delay) * time.Millisecond
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Watch: Retrying after %.4f seconds (%d left)", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), watchDelay.Seconds(), watchRetry)
+		// We need to trigger a CheckApply after Watch restarts, so that
+		// we catch any lost events that happened while down. We do this
+		// by getting the Watch resource to send one event once it's up!
+		//v.SendEvent(eventPoke, false, false)
+	}
+	close(processChan)
+	return err
+}
+
+// Start is a main kick to start the graph. It goes through in reverse topological
+// sort order so that events can't hit un-started vertices.
+func (g *Graph) Start(wg *sync.WaitGroup, first bool) { // start or continue
+	log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStateStarting), g.getState())
+	defer log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStateStarted), g.getState())
+	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
+	// TODO: only calculate indegree if `first` is true to save resources
+	indegree := g.InDegree() // compute all of the indegree's
+	for _, v := range Reverse(t) {
+
+		if !v.Res.IsWatching() { // if Watch() is not running...
+			wg.Add(1)
+			// must pass in value to avoid races...
+			// see: https://ttboj.wordpress.com/2015/07/27/golang-parallelism-issues-causing-too-many-open-files-error/
+			go func(vv *Vertex) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				// TODO: if a sufficient number of workers error,
+				// should something be done? Will these restart
+				// after perma-failure if we have a graph change?
+				if err := g.Worker(vv); err != nil { // contains the Watch and CheckApply loops
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: Exited with failure: %v", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName(), err)
+					return
+				}
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Exited", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName())
+			}(v)
+		}
+
+		// selective poke: here we reduce the number of initial pokes
+		// to the minimum required to activate every vertex in the
+		// graph, either by direct action, or by getting poked by a
+		// vertex that was previously activated. if we poke each vertex
+		// that has no incoming edges, then we can be sure to reach the
+		// whole graph. Please note: this may mask certain optimization
+		// failures, such as any poke limiting code in Poke() or
+		// BackPoke(). You might want to disable this selective start
+		// when experimenting with and testing those elements.
+		// if we are unpausing (since it's not the first run of this
+		// function) we need to poke to *unpause* every graph vertex,
+		// and not just selectively the subset with no indegree.
+		if (!first) || indegree[v] == 0 {
+			// ensure state is started before continuing on to next vertex
+			for !v.SendEvent(event.EventStart, true, false) {
+				if g.Flags.Debug {
+					// if SendEvent fails, we aren't up yet
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: Retrying SendEvent(Start)", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+					// sleep here briefly or otherwise cause
+					// a different goroutine to be scheduled
+					time.Sleep(1 * time.Millisecond)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Pause sends pause events to the graph in a topological sort order.
+func (g *Graph) Pause() {
+	log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStatePausing), g.getState())
+	defer log.Printf("State: %v -> %v", g.setState(graphStatePaused), g.getState())
+	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
+	for _, v := range t { // squeeze out the events...
+		v.SendEvent(event.EventPause, true, false)
+	}
+}
+
+// Exit sends exit events to the graph in a topological sort order.
+func (g *Graph) Exit() {
+	if g == nil {
+		return
+	} // empty graph that wasn't populated yet
+	t, _ := g.TopologicalSort()
+	for _, v := range t { // squeeze out the events...
+		// turn off the taps...
+		// XXX: consider instead doing this by closing the Res.events channel instead?
+		// XXX: do this by sending an exit signal, and then returning
+		// when we hit the 'default' in the select statement!
+		// XXX: we can do this to quiesce, but it's not necessary now
+
+		v.SendEvent(event.EventExit, true, false)
+	}
+}
--- a/pgraph/autoedge.go
+++ b/pgraph/autoedge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package pgraph represents the internal "pointer graph" that we use.
+package pgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+)
+
+// add edges to the vertex in a graph based on if it matches a uid list
+func (g *Graph) addEdgesByMatchingUIDS(v *Vertex, uids []resources.ResUID) []bool {
+	// search for edges and see what matches!
+	var result []bool
+
+	// loop through each uid, and see if it matches any vertex
+	for _, uid := range uids {
+		var found = false
+		// uid is a ResUID object
+		for _, vv := range g.GetVertices() { // search
+			if v == vv { // skip self
+				continue
+			}
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("Compile: AutoEdge: Match: %v[%v] with UID: %v[%v]", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName(), uid.Kind(), uid.GetName())
+			}
+			// we must match to an effective UID for the resource,
+			// that is to say, the name value of a res is a helpful
+			// handle, but it is not necessarily a unique identity!
+			// remember, resources can return multiple UID's each!
+			if resources.UIDExistsInUIDs(uid, vv.GetUIDs()) {
+				// add edge from: vv -> v
+				if uid.Reversed() {
+					txt := fmt.Sprintf("AutoEdge: %v[%v] -> %v[%v]", vv.Kind(), vv.GetName(), v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+					log.Printf("Compile: Adding %v", txt)
+					g.AddEdge(vv, v, NewEdge(txt))
+				} else { // edges go the "normal" way, eg: pkg resource
+					txt := fmt.Sprintf("AutoEdge: %v[%v] -> %v[%v]", v.Kind(), v.GetName(), vv.Kind(), vv.GetName())
+					log.Printf("Compile: Adding %v", txt)
+					g.AddEdge(v, vv, NewEdge(txt))
+				}
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		result = append(result, found)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// AutoEdges adds the automatic edges to the graph.
+func (g *Graph) AutoEdges() {
+	log.Println("Compile: Adding AutoEdges...")
+	for _, v := range g.GetVertices() { // for each vertexes autoedges
+		if !v.Meta().AutoEdge { // is the metaparam true?
+			continue
+		}
+		autoEdgeObj := v.AutoEdges()
+		if autoEdgeObj == nil {
+			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Config: No auto edges were found!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+			continue // next vertex
+		}
+
+		for { // while the autoEdgeObj has more uids to add...
+			uids := autoEdgeObj.Next() // get some!
+			if uids == nil {
+				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Config: The auto edge list is empty!", v.Kind(), v.GetName())
+				break // inner loop
+			}
+			if g.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Println("Compile: AutoEdge: UIDS:")
+				for i, u := range uids {
+					log.Printf("Compile: AutoEdge: UID%d: %v", i, u)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// match and add edges
+			result := g.addEdgesByMatchingUIDS(v, uids)
+
+			// report back, and find out if we should continue
+			if !autoEdgeObj.Test(result) {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/pgraph/autogroup.go
+++ b/pgraph/autogroup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// AutoGrouper is the required interface to implement for an autogroup algorithm
+type AutoGrouper interface {
+	// listed in the order these are typically called in...
+	name() string                                  // friendly identifier
+	init(*Graph) error                             // only call once
+	vertexNext() (*Vertex, *Vertex, error)         // mostly algorithmic
+	vertexCmp(*Vertex, *Vertex) error              // can we merge these ?
+	vertexMerge(*Vertex, *Vertex) (*Vertex, error) // vertex merge fn to use
+	edgeMerge(*Edge, *Edge) *Edge                  // edge merge fn to use
+	vertexTest(bool) (bool, error)                 // call until false
+}
+
+// baseGrouper is the base type for implementing the AutoGrouper interface
+type baseGrouper struct {
+	graph    *Graph    // store a pointer to the graph
+	vertices []*Vertex // cached list of vertices
+	i        int
+	j        int
+	done     bool
+}
+
+// name provides a friendly name for the logs to see
+func (ag *baseGrouper) name() string {
+	return "baseGrouper"
+}
+
+// init is called only once and before using other AutoGrouper interface methods
+// the name method is the only exception: call it any time without side effects!
+func (ag *baseGrouper) init(g *Graph) error {
+	if ag.graph != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The init method has already been called!")
+	}
+	ag.graph = g                               // pointer
+	ag.vertices = ag.graph.GetVerticesSorted() // cache in deterministic order!
+	ag.i = 0
+	ag.j = 0
+	if len(ag.vertices) == 0 { // empty graph
+		ag.done = true
+		return nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// vertexNext is a simple iterator that loops through vertex (pair) combinations
+// an intelligent algorithm would selectively offer only valid pairs of vertices
+// these should satisfy logical grouping requirements for the autogroup designs!
+// the desired algorithms can override, but keep this method as a base iterator!
+func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexNext() (v1, v2 *Vertex, err error) {
+	// this does a for v... { for w... { return v, w }} but stepwise!
+	l := len(ag.vertices)
+	if ag.i < l {
+		v1 = ag.vertices[ag.i]
+	}
+	if ag.j < l {
+		v2 = ag.vertices[ag.j]
+	}
+
+	// in case the vertex was deleted
+	if !ag.graph.HasVertex(v1) {
+		v1 = nil
+	}
+	if !ag.graph.HasVertex(v2) {
+		v2 = nil
+	}
+
+	// two nested loops...
+	if ag.j < l {
+		ag.j++
+	}
+	if ag.j == l {
+		ag.j = 0
+		if ag.i < l {
+			ag.i++
+		}
+		if ag.i == l {
+			ag.done = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexCmp(v1, v2 *Vertex) error {
+	if v1 == nil || v2 == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Vertex is nil!")
+	}
+	if v1 == v2 { // skip yourself
+		return fmt.Errorf("Vertices are the same!")
+	}
+	if v1.Kind() != v2.Kind() { // we must group similar kinds
+		// TODO: maybe future resources won't need this limitation?
+		return fmt.Errorf("The two resources aren't the same kind!")
+	}
+	// someone doesn't want to group!
+	if !v1.Meta().AutoGroup || !v2.Meta().AutoGroup {
+		return fmt.Errorf("One of the autogroup flags is false!")
+	}
+	if v1.Res.IsGrouped() { // already grouped!
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already grouped!")
+	}
+	if len(v2.Res.GetGroup()) > 0 { // already has children grouped!
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already has groups!")
+	}
+	if !v1.Res.GroupCmp(v2.Res) { // resource groupcmp failed!
+		return fmt.Errorf("The GroupCmp failed!")
+	}
+	return nil // success
+}
+
+func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexMerge(v1, v2 *Vertex) (v *Vertex, err error) {
+	// NOTE: it's important to use w.Res instead of w, b/c
+	// the w by itself is the *Vertex obj, not the *Res obj
+	// which is contained within it! They both satisfy the
+	// Res interface, which is why both will compile! :(
+	err = v1.Res.GroupRes(v2.Res) // GroupRes skips stupid groupings
+	return                        // success or fail, and no need to merge the actual vertices!
+}
+
+func (ag *baseGrouper) edgeMerge(e1, e2 *Edge) *Edge {
+	return e1 // noop
+}
+
+// vertexTest processes the results of the grouping for the algorithm to know
+// return an error if something went horribly wrong, and bool false to stop
+func (ag *baseGrouper) vertexTest(b bool) (bool, error) {
+	// NOTE: this particular baseGrouper version doesn't track what happens
+	// because since we iterate over every pair, we don't care which merge!
+	if ag.done {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// TODO: this algorithm may not be correct in all cases. replace if needed!
+type nonReachabilityGrouper struct {
+	baseGrouper // "inherit" what we want, and reimplement the rest
+}
+
+func (ag *nonReachabilityGrouper) name() string {
+	return "nonReachabilityGrouper"
+}
+
+// this algorithm relies on the observation that if there's a path from a to b,
+// then they *can't* be merged (b/c of the existing dependency) so therefore we
+// merge anything that *doesn't* satisfy this condition or that of the reverse!
+func (ag *nonReachabilityGrouper) vertexNext() (v1, v2 *Vertex, err error) {
+	for {
+		v1, v2, err = ag.baseGrouper.vertexNext() // get all iterable pairs
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexNext): %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if v1 != v2 { // ignore self cmp early (perf optimization)
+			// if NOT reachable, they're viable...
+			out1 := ag.graph.Reachability(v1, v2)
+			out2 := ag.graph.Reachability(v2, v1)
+			if len(out1) == 0 && len(out2) == 0 {
+				return // return v1 and v2, they're viable
+			}
+		}
+
+		// if we got here, it means we're skipping over this candidate!
+		if ok, err := ag.baseGrouper.vertexTest(false); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexTest): %v", err)
+		} else if !ok {
+			return nil, nil, nil // done!
+		}
+
+		// the vertexTest passed, so loop and try with a new pair...
+	}
+}
+
+// VertexMerge merges v2 into v1 by reattaching the edges where appropriate,
+// and then by deleting v2 from the graph. Since more than one edge between two
+// vertices is not allowed, duplicate edges are merged as well. an edge merge
+// function can be provided if you'd like to control how you merge the edges!
+func (g *Graph) VertexMerge(v1, v2 *Vertex, vertexMergeFn func(*Vertex, *Vertex) (*Vertex, error), edgeMergeFn func(*Edge, *Edge) *Edge) error {
+	// methodology
+	// 1) edges between v1 and v2 are removed
+	//Loop:
+	for k1 := range g.Adjacency {
+		for k2 := range g.Adjacency[k1] {
+			// v1 -> v2 || v2 -> v1
+			if (k1 == v1 && k2 == v2) || (k1 == v2 && k2 == v1) {
+				delete(g.Adjacency[k1], k2) // delete map & edge
+				// NOTE: if we assume this is a DAG, then we can
+				// assume only v1 -> v2 OR v2 -> v1 exists, and
+				// we can break out of these loops immediately!
+				//break Loop
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2) edges that point towards v2 from X now point to v1 from X (no dupes)
+	for _, x := range g.IncomingGraphVertices(v2) { // all to vertex v (??? -> v)
+		e := g.Adjacency[x][v2] // previous edge
+		r := g.Reachability(x, v1)
+		// merge e with ex := g.Adjacency[x][v1] if it exists!
+		if ex, exists := g.Adjacency[x][v1]; exists && edgeMergeFn != nil && len(r) == 0 {
+			e = edgeMergeFn(e, ex)
+		}
+		if len(r) == 0 { // if not reachable, add it
+			g.AddEdge(x, v1, e) // overwrite edge
+		} else if edgeMergeFn != nil { // reachable, merge e through...
+			prev := x // initial condition
+			for i, next := range r {
+				if i == 0 {
+					// next == prev, therefore skip
+					continue
+				}
+				// this edge is from: prev, to: next
+				ex, _ := g.Adjacency[prev][next] // get
+				ex = edgeMergeFn(ex, e)
+				g.Adjacency[prev][next] = ex // set
+				prev = next
+			}
+		}
+		delete(g.Adjacency[x], v2) // delete old edge
+	}
+
+	// 3) edges that point from v2 to X now point from v1 to X (no dupes)
+	for _, x := range g.OutgoingGraphVertices(v2) { // all from vertex v (v -> ???)
+		e := g.Adjacency[v2][x] // previous edge
+		r := g.Reachability(v1, x)
+		// merge e with ex := g.Adjacency[v1][x] if it exists!
+		if ex, exists := g.Adjacency[v1][x]; exists && edgeMergeFn != nil && len(r) == 0 {
+			e = edgeMergeFn(e, ex)
+		}
+		if len(r) == 0 {
+			g.AddEdge(v1, x, e) // overwrite edge
+		} else if edgeMergeFn != nil { // reachable, merge e through...
+			prev := v1 // initial condition
+			for i, next := range r {
+				if i == 0 {
+					// next == prev, therefore skip
+					continue
+				}
+				// this edge is from: prev, to: next
+				ex, _ := g.Adjacency[prev][next]
+				ex = edgeMergeFn(ex, e)
+				g.Adjacency[prev][next] = ex
+				prev = next
+			}
+		}
+		delete(g.Adjacency[v2], x)
+	}
+
+	// 4) merge and then remove the (now merged/grouped) vertex
+	if vertexMergeFn != nil { // run vertex merge function
+		if v, err := vertexMergeFn(v1, v2); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if v != nil { // replace v1 with the "merged" version...
+			*v1 = *v // TODO: is this safe? (replacing mutexes is undefined!)
+		}
+	}
+	g.DeleteVertex(v2) // remove grouped vertex
+
+	// 5) creation of a cyclic graph should throw an error
+	if _, err := g.TopologicalSort(); err != nil { // am i a dag or not?
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "TopologicalSort failed") // not a dag
+	}
+	return nil // success
+}
+
+// autoGroup is the mechanical auto group "runner" that runs the interface spec
+func (g *Graph) autoGroup(ag AutoGrouper) chan string {
+	strch := make(chan string) // output log messages here
+	go func(strch chan string) {
+		strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: Algorithm: %v...", ag.name())
+		if err := ag.init(g); err != nil {
+			log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(init): %v", err)
+		}
+
+		for {
+			var v, w *Vertex
+			v, w, err := ag.vertexNext() // get pair to compare
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexNext): %v", err)
+			}
+			merged := false
+			// save names since they change during the runs
+			vStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s", v) // valid even if it is nil
+			wStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s", w)
+
+			if err := ag.vertexCmp(v, w); err != nil { // cmp ?
+				if g.Flags.Debug {
+					strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: !GroupCmp for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
+				}
+
+				// remove grouped vertex and merge edges (res is safe)
+			} else if err := g.VertexMerge(v, w, ag.vertexMerge, ag.edgeMerge); err != nil { // merge...
+				strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: !VertexMerge for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
+
+			} else { // success!
+				strch <- fmt.Sprintf("Compile: Grouping: Success for: %s into %s", wStr, vStr)
+				merged = true // woo
+			}
+
+			// did these get used?
+			if ok, err := ag.vertexTest(merged); err != nil {
+				log.Fatalf("Error running autoGroup(vertexTest): %v", err)
+			} else if !ok {
+				break // done!
+			}
+		}
+
+		close(strch)
+		return
+	}(strch) // call function
+	return strch
+}
+
+// AutoGroup runs the auto grouping on the graph and prints out log messages
+func (g *Graph) AutoGroup() {
+	// receive log messages from channel...
+	// this allows test cases to avoid printing them when they're unwanted!
+	// TODO: this algorithm may not be correct in all cases. replace if needed!
+	for str := range g.autoGroup(&nonReachabilityGrouper{}) {
+		log.Println(str)
+	}
+}
--- a/pgraph/graphviz.go
+++ b/pgraph/graphviz.go
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package pgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+// Graphviz outputs the graph in graphviz format.
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOT_%28graph_description_language%29
+func (g *Graph) Graphviz() (out string) {
+	//digraph g {
+	//	label="hello world";
+	//	node [shape=box];
+	//	A [label="A"];
+	//	B [label="B"];
+	//	C [label="C"];
+	//	D [label="D"];
+	//	E [label="E"];
+	//	A -> B [label=f];
+	//	B -> C [label=g];
+	//	D -> E [label=h];
+	//}
+	out += fmt.Sprintf("digraph %s {\n", g.GetName())
+	out += fmt.Sprintf("\tlabel=\"%s\";\n", g.GetName())
+	//out += "\tnode [shape=box];\n"
+	str := ""
+	for i := range g.Adjacency { // reverse paths
+		out += fmt.Sprintf("\t%s [label=\"%s[%s]\"];\n", i.GetName(), i.Kind(), i.GetName())
+		for j := range g.Adjacency[i] {
+			k := g.Adjacency[i][j]
+			// use str for clearer output ordering
+			str += fmt.Sprintf("\t%s -> %s [label=%s];\n", i.GetName(), j.GetName(), k.Name)
+		}
+	}
+	out += str
+	out += "}\n"
+	return
+}
+
+// ExecGraphviz writes out the graphviz data and runs the correct graphviz
+// filter command.
+func (g *Graph) ExecGraphviz(program, filename string) error {
+
+	switch program {
+	case "dot", "neato", "twopi", "circo", "fdp":
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid graphviz program selected!")
+	}
+
+	if filename == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("No filename given!")
+	}
+
+	// run as a normal user if possible when run with sudo
+	uid, err1 := strconv.Atoi(os.Getenv("SUDO_UID"))
+	gid, err2 := strconv.Atoi(os.Getenv("SUDO_GID"))
+
+	err := ioutil.WriteFile(filename, []byte(g.Graphviz()), 0644)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing to filename!")
+	}
+
+	if err1 == nil && err2 == nil {
+		if err := os.Chown(filename, uid, gid); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error changing file owner!")
+		}
+	}
+
+	path, err := exec.LookPath(program)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Graphviz is missing!")
+	}
+
+	out := fmt.Sprintf("%s.png", filename)
+	cmd := exec.Command(path, "-Tpng", fmt.Sprintf("-o%s", out), filename)
+
+	if err1 == nil && err2 == nil {
+		cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{}
+		cmd.SysProcAttr.Credential = &syscall.Credential{
+			Uid: uint32(uid),
+			Gid: uint32(gid),
+		}
+	}
+	_, err = cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing to image!")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pgraph/pgraph.go
+++ b/pgraph/pgraph.go
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package pgraph represents the internal "pointer graph" that we use.
+package pgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+//go:generate stringer -type=graphState -output=graphstate_stringer.go
+type graphState int
+
+const (
+	graphStateNil graphState = iota
+	graphStateStarting
+	graphStateStarted
+	graphStatePausing
+	graphStatePaused
+)
+
+type Flags struct {
+	Debug bool
+}
+
+// Graph is the graph structure in this library.
+// The graph abstract data type (ADT) is defined as follows:
+// * the directed graph arrows point from left to right ( -> )
+// * the arrows point away from their dependencies (eg: arrows mean "before")
+// * IOW, you might see package -> file -> service (where package runs first)
+// * This is also the direction that the notify should happen in...
+type Graph struct {
+	Name      string
+	Adjacency map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge // *Vertex -> *Vertex (edge)
+	Flags     Flags
+	state     graphState
+	mutex     sync.Mutex // used when modifying graph State variable
+}
+
+// Vertex is the primary vertex struct in this library.
+type Vertex struct {
+	resources.Res       // anonymous field
+	timestamp     int64 // last updated timestamp ?
+}
+
+// Edge is the primary edge struct in this library.
+type Edge struct {
+	Name   string
+	Notify bool // should we send a refresh notification along this edge?
+
+	refresh bool // is there a notify pending for the dest vertex ?
+}
+
+// NewGraph builds a new graph.
+func NewGraph(name string) *Graph {
+	return &Graph{
+		Name:      name,
+		Adjacency: make(map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge),
+		state:     graphStateNil,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewVertex returns a new graph vertex struct with a contained resource.
+func NewVertex(r resources.Res) *Vertex {
+	return &Vertex{
+		Res: r,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewEdge returns a new graph edge struct.
+func NewEdge(name string) *Edge {
+	return &Edge{
+		Name: name,
+	}
+}
+
+// Refresh returns the pending refresh status of this edge.
+func (obj *Edge) Refresh() bool {
+	return obj.refresh
+}
+
+// SetRefresh sets the pending refresh status of this edge.
+func (obj *Edge) SetRefresh(b bool) {
+	obj.refresh = b
+}
+
+// Copy makes a copy of the graph struct
+func (g *Graph) Copy() *Graph {
+	newGraph := &Graph{
+		Name:      g.Name,
+		Adjacency: make(map[*Vertex]map[*Vertex]*Edge, len(g.Adjacency)),
+		Flags:     g.Flags,
+		state:     g.state,
+	}
+	for k, v := range g.Adjacency {
+		newGraph.Adjacency[k] = v // copy
+	}
+	return newGraph
+}
+
+// GetName returns the name of the graph.
+func (g *Graph) GetName() string {
+	return g.Name
+}
+
+// SetName sets the name of the graph.
+func (g *Graph) SetName(name string) {
+	g.Name = name
+}
+
+// getState returns the state of the graph. This state is used for optimizing
+// certain algorithms by knowing what part of processing the graph is currently
+// undergoing.
+func (g *Graph) getState() graphState {
+	//g.mutex.Lock()
+	//defer g.mutex.Unlock()
+	return g.state
+}
+
+// setState sets the graph state and returns the previous state.
+func (g *Graph) setState(state graphState) graphState {
+	g.mutex.Lock()
+	defer g.mutex.Unlock()
+	prev := g.getState()
+	g.state = state
+	return prev
+}
+
+// AddVertex uses variadic input to add all listed vertices to the graph
+func (g *Graph) AddVertex(xv ...*Vertex) {
+	for _, v := range xv {
+		if _, exists := g.Adjacency[v]; !exists {
+			g.Adjacency[v] = make(map[*Vertex]*Edge)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// DeleteVertex deletes a particular vertex from the graph.
+func (g *Graph) DeleteVertex(v *Vertex) {
+	delete(g.Adjacency, v)
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		delete(g.Adjacency[k], v)
+	}
+}
+
+// AddEdge adds a directed edge to the graph from v1 to v2.
+func (g *Graph) AddEdge(v1, v2 *Vertex, e *Edge) {
+	// NOTE: this doesn't allow more than one edge between two vertexes...
+	g.AddVertex(v1, v2) // supports adding N vertices now
+	// TODO: check if an edge exists to avoid overwriting it!
+	// NOTE: VertexMerge() depends on overwriting it at the moment...
+	g.Adjacency[v1][v2] = e
+}
+
+// DeleteEdge deletes a particular edge from the graph.
+// FIXME: add test cases
+func (g *Graph) DeleteEdge(e *Edge) {
+	for v1 := range g.Adjacency {
+		for v2, edge := range g.Adjacency[v1] {
+			if e == edge {
+				delete(g.Adjacency[v1], v2)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// GetVertexMatch searches for an equivalent resource in the graph and returns
+// the vertex it is found in, or nil if not found.
+func (g *Graph) GetVertexMatch(obj resources.Res) *Vertex {
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		if k.Res.Compare(obj) {
+			return k
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// HasVertex returns if the input vertex exists in the graph.
+func (g *Graph) HasVertex(v *Vertex) bool {
+	if _, exists := g.Adjacency[v]; exists {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// NumVertices returns the number of vertices in the graph.
+func (g *Graph) NumVertices() int {
+	return len(g.Adjacency)
+}
+
+// NumEdges returns the number of edges in the graph.
+func (g *Graph) NumEdges() int {
+	count := 0
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		count += len(g.Adjacency[k])
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+// GetVertices returns a randomly sorted slice of all vertices in the graph
+// The order is random, because the map implementation is intentionally so!
+func (g *Graph) GetVertices() []*Vertex {
+	var vertices []*Vertex
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		vertices = append(vertices, k)
+	}
+	return vertices
+}
+
+// GetVerticesChan returns a channel of all vertices in the graph.
+func (g *Graph) GetVerticesChan() chan *Vertex {
+	ch := make(chan *Vertex)
+	go func(ch chan *Vertex) {
+		for k := range g.Adjacency {
+			ch <- k
+		}
+		close(ch)
+	}(ch)
+	return ch
+}
+
+// VertexSlice is a linear list of vertices. It can be sorted.
+type VertexSlice []*Vertex
+
+func (vs VertexSlice) Len() int           { return len(vs) }
+func (vs VertexSlice) Swap(i, j int)      { vs[i], vs[j] = vs[j], vs[i] }
+func (vs VertexSlice) Less(i, j int) bool { return vs[i].String() < vs[j].String() }
+
+// GetVerticesSorted returns a sorted slice of all vertices in the graph
+// The order is sorted by String() to avoid the non-determinism in the map type
+func (g *Graph) GetVerticesSorted() []*Vertex {
+	var vertices []*Vertex
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		vertices = append(vertices, k)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(VertexSlice(vertices)) // add determinism
+	return vertices
+}
+
+// String makes the graph pretty print.
+func (g *Graph) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Vertices(%d), Edges(%d)", g.NumVertices(), g.NumEdges())
+}
+
+// String returns the canonical form for a vertex
+func (v *Vertex) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s[%s]", v.Res.Kind(), v.Res.GetName())
+}
+
+// IncomingGraphVertices returns an array (slice) of all directed vertices to
+// vertex v (??? -> v). OKTimestamp should probably use this.
+func (g *Graph) IncomingGraphVertices(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	// TODO: we might be able to implement this differently by reversing
+	// the Adjacency graph and then looping through it again...
+	var s []*Vertex
+	for k := range g.Adjacency { // reverse paths
+		for w := range g.Adjacency[k] {
+			if w == v {
+				s = append(s, k)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// OutgoingGraphVertices returns an array (slice) of all vertices that vertex v
+// points to (v -> ???). Poke should probably use this.
+func (g *Graph) OutgoingGraphVertices(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	var s []*Vertex
+	for k := range g.Adjacency[v] { // forward paths
+		s = append(s, k)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// GraphVertices returns an array (slice) of all vertices that connect to vertex v.
+// This is the union of IncomingGraphVertices and OutgoingGraphVertices.
+func (g *Graph) GraphVertices(v *Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	var s []*Vertex
+	s = append(s, g.IncomingGraphVertices(v)...)
+	s = append(s, g.OutgoingGraphVertices(v)...)
+	return s
+}
+
+// IncomingGraphEdges returns all of the edges that point to vertex v (??? -> v).
+func (g *Graph) IncomingGraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Edge {
+	var edges []*Edge
+	for v1 := range g.Adjacency { // reverse paths
+		for v2, e := range g.Adjacency[v1] {
+			if v2 == v {
+				edges = append(edges, e)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return edges
+}
+
+// OutgoingGraphEdges returns all of the edges that point from vertex v (v -> ???).
+func (g *Graph) OutgoingGraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Edge {
+	var edges []*Edge
+	for _, e := range g.Adjacency[v] { // forward paths
+		edges = append(edges, e)
+	}
+	return edges
+}
+
+// GraphEdges returns an array (slice) of all edges that connect to vertex v.
+// This is the union of IncomingGraphEdges and OutgoingGraphEdges.
+func (g *Graph) GraphEdges(v *Vertex) []*Edge {
+	var edges []*Edge
+	edges = append(edges, g.IncomingGraphEdges(v)...)
+	edges = append(edges, g.OutgoingGraphEdges(v)...)
+	return edges
+}
+
+// DFS returns a depth first search for the graph, starting at the input vertex.
+func (g *Graph) DFS(start *Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	var d []*Vertex // discovered
+	var s []*Vertex // stack
+	if _, exists := g.Adjacency[start]; !exists {
+		return nil // TODO: error
+	}
+	v := start
+	s = append(s, v)
+	for len(s) > 0 {
+		v, s = s[len(s)-1], s[:len(s)-1] // s.pop()
+
+		if !VertexContains(v, d) { // if not discovered
+			d = append(d, v) // label as discovered
+
+			for _, w := range g.GraphVertices(v) {
+				s = append(s, w)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return d
+}
+
+// FilterGraph builds a new graph containing only vertices from the list.
+func (g *Graph) FilterGraph(name string, vertices []*Vertex) *Graph {
+	newgraph := NewGraph(name)
+	for k1, x := range g.Adjacency {
+		for k2, e := range x {
+			//log.Printf("Filter: %s -> %s # %s", k1.Name, k2.Name, e.Name)
+			if VertexContains(k1, vertices) || VertexContains(k2, vertices) {
+				newgraph.AddEdge(k1, k2, e)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return newgraph
+}
+
+// GetDisconnectedGraphs returns a channel containing the N disconnected graphs
+// in our main graph. We can then process each of these in parallel.
+func (g *Graph) GetDisconnectedGraphs() chan *Graph {
+	ch := make(chan *Graph)
+	go func() {
+		var start *Vertex
+		var d []*Vertex // discovered
+		c := g.NumVertices()
+		for len(d) < c {
+
+			// get an undiscovered vertex to start from
+			for _, s := range g.GetVertices() {
+				if !VertexContains(s, d) {
+					start = s
+				}
+			}
+
+			// dfs through the graph
+			dfs := g.DFS(start)
+			// filter all the collected elements into a new graph
+			newgraph := g.FilterGraph(g.Name, dfs)
+
+			// add number of elements found to found variable
+			d = append(d, dfs...) // extend
+
+			// return this new graph to the channel
+			ch <- newgraph
+
+			// if we've found all the elements, then we're done
+			// otherwise loop through to continue...
+		}
+		close(ch)
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// InDegree returns the count of vertices that point to me in one big lookup map.
+func (g *Graph) InDegree() map[*Vertex]int {
+	result := make(map[*Vertex]int)
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		result[k] = 0 // initialize
+	}
+
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		for z := range g.Adjacency[k] {
+			result[z]++
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// OutDegree returns the count of vertices that point away in one big lookup map.
+func (g *Graph) OutDegree() map[*Vertex]int {
+	result := make(map[*Vertex]int)
+
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		result[k] = 0 // initialize
+		for range g.Adjacency[k] {
+			result[k]++
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// TopologicalSort returns the sort of graph vertices in that order.
+// based on descriptions and code from wikipedia and rosetta code
+// TODO: add memoization, and cache invalidation to speed this up :)
+func (g *Graph) TopologicalSort() ([]*Vertex, error) { // kahn's algorithm
+	var L []*Vertex                    // empty list that will contain the sorted elements
+	var S []*Vertex                    // set of all nodes with no incoming edges
+	remaining := make(map[*Vertex]int) // amount of edges remaining
+
+	for v, d := range g.InDegree() {
+		if d == 0 {
+			// accumulate set of all nodes with no incoming edges
+			S = append(S, v)
+		} else {
+			// initialize remaining edge count from indegree
+			remaining[v] = d
+		}
+	}
+
+	for len(S) > 0 {
+		last := len(S) - 1 // remove a node v from S
+		v := S[last]
+		S = S[:last]
+		L = append(L, v) // add v to tail of L
+		for n := range g.Adjacency[v] {
+			// for each node n remaining in the graph, consume from
+			// remaining, so for remaining[n] > 0
+			if remaining[n] > 0 {
+				remaining[n]--         // remove edge from the graph
+				if remaining[n] == 0 { // if n has no other incoming edges
+					S = append(S, n) // insert n into S
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// if graph has edges, eg if any value in rem is > 0
+	for c, in := range remaining {
+		if in > 0 {
+			for n := range g.Adjacency[c] {
+				if remaining[n] > 0 {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("Not a dag!")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return L, nil
+}
+
+// Reachability finds the shortest path in a DAG from a to b, and returns the
+// slice of vertices that matched this particular path including both a and b.
+// It returns nil if a or b is nil, and returns empty list if no path is found.
+// Since there could be more than one possible result for this operation, we
+// arbitrarily choose one of the shortest possible. As a result, this should
+// actually return a tree if we cared about correctness.
+// This operates by a recursive algorithm; a more efficient version is likely.
+// If you don't give this function a DAG, you might cause infinite recursion!
+func (g *Graph) Reachability(a, b *Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	if a == nil || b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	vertices := g.OutgoingGraphVertices(a) // what points away from a ?
+	if len(vertices) == 0 {
+		return []*Vertex{} // nope
+	}
+	if VertexContains(b, vertices) {
+		return []*Vertex{a, b} // found
+	}
+	// TODO: parallelize this with go routines?
+	var collected = make([][]*Vertex, len(vertices))
+	pick := -1
+	for i, v := range vertices {
+		collected[i] = g.Reachability(v, b) // find b by recursion
+		if l := len(collected[i]); l > 0 {
+			// pick shortest path
+			// TODO: technically i should return a tree
+			if pick < 0 || l < len(collected[pick]) {
+				pick = i
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if pick < 0 {
+		return []*Vertex{} // nope
+	}
+	result := []*Vertex{a} // tack on a
+	result = append(result, collected[pick]...)
+	return result
+}
+
+// GraphSync updates the oldGraph so that it matches the newGraph receiver. It
+// leaves identical elements alone so that they don't need to be refreshed.
+// FIXME: add test cases
+func (g *Graph) GraphSync(oldGraph *Graph) (*Graph, error) {
+
+	if oldGraph == nil {
+		oldGraph = NewGraph(g.GetName()) // copy over the name
+	}
+	oldGraph.SetName(g.GetName()) // overwrite the name
+
+	var lookup = make(map[*Vertex]*Vertex)
+	var vertexKeep []*Vertex // list of vertices which are the same in new graph
+	var edgeKeep []*Edge     // list of vertices which are the same in new graph
+
+	for v := range g.Adjacency { // loop through the vertices (resources)
+		res := v.Res // resource
+
+		vertex := oldGraph.GetVertexMatch(res)
+		if vertex == nil { // no match found
+			if err := res.Init(); err != nil {
+				return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not Init() resource")
+			}
+			vertex = NewVertex(res)
+			oldGraph.AddVertex(vertex) // call standalone in case not part of an edge
+		}
+		lookup[v] = vertex                      // used for constructing edges
+		vertexKeep = append(vertexKeep, vertex) // append
+	}
+
+	// get rid of any vertices we shouldn't keep (that aren't in new graph)
+	for v := range oldGraph.Adjacency {
+		if !VertexContains(v, vertexKeep) {
+			// wait for exit before starting new graph!
+			v.SendEvent(event.EventExit, true, false)
+			oldGraph.DeleteVertex(v)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// compare edges
+	for v1 := range g.Adjacency { // loop through the vertices (resources)
+		for v2, e := range g.Adjacency[v1] {
+			// we have an edge!
+
+			// lookup vertices (these should exist now)
+			//res1 := v1.Res // resource
+			//res2 := v2.Res
+			//vertex1 := oldGraph.GetVertexMatch(res1)
+			//vertex2 := oldGraph.GetVertexMatch(res2)
+			vertex1, exists1 := lookup[v1]
+			vertex2, exists2 := lookup[v2]
+			if !exists1 || !exists2 { // no match found, bug?
+				//if vertex1 == nil || vertex2 == nil { // no match found
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("New vertices weren't found!") // programming error
+			}
+
+			edge, exists := oldGraph.Adjacency[vertex1][vertex2]
+			if !exists || edge.Name != e.Name { // TODO: edgeCmp
+				edge = e // use or overwrite edge
+			}
+			oldGraph.Adjacency[vertex1][vertex2] = edge // store it (AddEdge)
+			edgeKeep = append(edgeKeep, edge)           // mark as saved
+		}
+	}
+
+	// delete unused edges
+	for v1 := range oldGraph.Adjacency {
+		for _, e := range oldGraph.Adjacency[v1] {
+			// we have an edge!
+			if !EdgeContains(e, edgeKeep) {
+				oldGraph.DeleteEdge(e)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return oldGraph, nil
+}
+
+// GraphMetas returns a list of pointers to each of the resource MetaParams.
+func (g *Graph) GraphMetas() []*resources.MetaParams {
+	metas := []*resources.MetaParams{}
+	for v := range g.Adjacency { // loop through the vertices (resources))
+		res := v.Res // resource
+		meta := res.Meta()
+		metas = append(metas, meta)
+	}
+	return metas
+}
+
+// AssociateData associates some data with the object in the graph in question.
+func (g *Graph) AssociateData(data *resources.Data) {
+	for k := range g.Adjacency {
+		k.Res.AssociateData(data)
+	}
+}
+
+// VertexContains is an "in array" function to test for a vertex in a slice of vertices.
+func VertexContains(needle *Vertex, haystack []*Vertex) bool {
+	for _, v := range haystack {
+		if needle == v {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// EdgeContains is an "in array" function to test for an edge in a slice of edges.
+func EdgeContains(needle *Edge, haystack []*Edge) bool {
+	for _, v := range haystack {
+		if needle == v {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Reverse reverses a list of vertices.
+func Reverse(vs []*Vertex) []*Vertex {
+	//var out []*Vertex       // XXX: golint suggests, but it fails testing
+	out := make([]*Vertex, 0) // empty list
+	l := len(vs)
+	for i := range vs {
+		out = append(out, vs[l-i-1])
+	}
+	return out
+}
--- a/pgraph/pgraph_test.go
+++ b/pgraph/pgraph_test.go
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-// NOTE: this is pgraph, a pointer graph
-
-package main
+package pgraph

 import (
 	"fmt"
@@ -25,8 +23,18 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )

+// NV is a helper function to make testing easier. It creates a new noop vertex.
+func NV(s string) *Vertex {
+	obj, err := NewNoopRes(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err) // unlikely test failure!
+	}
+	return NewVertex(obj)
+}
+
 func TestPgraphT1(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g1")
@@ -39,8 +47,8 @@ func TestPgraphT1(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Should have 0 edges instead of: %d.", i)
 	}

-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	G.AddEdge(v1, v2, e1)

@@ -56,12 +64,12 @@ func TestPgraphT1(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT2(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g2")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -83,12 +91,12 @@ func TestPgraphT2(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT3(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g3")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -124,9 +132,9 @@ func TestPgraphT3(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT4(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g4")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -146,12 +154,12 @@ func TestPgraphT4(t *testing.T) {

 func TestPgraphT5(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g5")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -175,12 +183,12 @@ func TestPgraphT5(t *testing.T) {

 func TestPgraphT6(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g6")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -213,9 +221,9 @@ func TestPgraphT6(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT7(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g7")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -254,28 +262,28 @@ func TestPgraphT7(t *testing.T) {

 func TestPgraphT8(t *testing.T) {

-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
 	if VertexContains(v1, []*Vertex{v1, v2, v3}) != true {
 		t.Errorf("Should be true instead of false.")
 	}

-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	if VertexContains(v4, []*Vertex{v5, v6}) != false {
 		t.Errorf("Should be false instead of true.")
 	}

-	v7 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v7"))
-	v8 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v8"))
-	v9 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v9"))
+	v7 := NV("v7")
+	v8 := NV("v8")
+	v9 := NV("v9")
 	if VertexContains(v8, []*Vertex{v7, v8, v9}) != true {
 		t.Errorf("Should be true instead of false.")
 	}

-	v1b := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1")) // same value, different objects
+	v1b := NV("v1") // same value, different objects
 	if VertexContains(v1b, []*Vertex{v1, v2, v3}) != false {
 		t.Errorf("Should be false instead of true.")
 	}
@@ -284,12 +292,12 @@ func TestPgraphT8(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT9(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g9")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -344,11 +352,11 @@ func TestPgraphT9(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Outdegree of v6 should be 0 instead of: %d.", i)
 	}

-	s, ok := G.TopologicalSort()
+	s, err := G.TopologicalSort()
 	// either possibility is a valid toposort
 	match := reflect.DeepEqual(s, []*Vertex{v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6}) || reflect.DeepEqual(s, []*Vertex{v1, v3, v2, v4, v5, v6})
-	if !ok || !match {
-		t.Errorf("Topological sort failed, status: %v.", ok)
+	if err != nil || !match {
+		t.Errorf("Topological sort failed, error: %v.", err)
 		str := "Found:"
 		for _, v := range s {
 			str += " " + v.Res.GetName()
@@ -360,12 +368,12 @@ func TestPgraphT9(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPgraphT10(t *testing.T) {

 	G := NewGraph("g10")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -379,8 +387,8 @@ func TestPgraphT10(t *testing.T) {
 	G.AddEdge(v5, v6, e5)
 	G.AddEdge(v4, v2, e6) // cycle

-	if _, ok := G.TopologicalSort(); ok {
-		t.Errorf("Topological sort passed, but graph is cyclic.")
+	if _, err := G.TopologicalSort(); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Topological sort passed, but graph is cyclic!")
 	}
 }

@@ -400,8 +408,8 @@ func TestPgraphReachability0(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	{
 		G := NewGraph("g")
-		v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-		v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+		v1 := NV("v1")
+		v6 := NV("v6")

 		result := G.Reachability(v1, v6)
 		expected := []*Vertex{}
@@ -417,12 +425,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability0(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	{
 		G := NewGraph("g")
-		v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-		v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-		v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-		v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-		v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-		v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+		v1 := NV("v1")
+		v2 := NV("v2")
+		v3 := NV("v3")
+		v4 := NV("v4")
+		v5 := NV("v5")
+		v6 := NV("v6")
 		e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 		e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 		e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -451,12 +459,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability0(t *testing.T) {
 // simple linear path
 func TestPgraphReachability1(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -485,12 +493,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability1(t *testing.T) {
 // pick one of two correct paths
 func TestPgraphReachability2(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -522,12 +530,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability2(t *testing.T) {
 // pick shortest path
 func TestPgraphReachability3(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -557,12 +565,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability3(t *testing.T) {
 // direct path
 func TestPgraphReachability4(t *testing.T) {
 	G := NewGraph("g")
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")
 	e1 := NewEdge("e1")
 	e2 := NewEdge("e2")
 	e3 := NewEdge("e3")
@@ -590,12 +598,12 @@ func TestPgraphReachability4(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestPgraphT11(t *testing.T) {
-	v1 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v1"))
-	v2 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v2"))
-	v3 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v3"))
-	v4 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v4"))
-	v5 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v5"))
-	v6 := NewVertex(NewNoopRes("v6"))
+	v1 := NV("v1")
+	v2 := NV("v2")
+	v3 := NV("v3")
+	v4 := NV("v4")
+	v5 := NV("v5")
+	v6 := NV("v6")

 	if rev := Reverse([]*Vertex{}); !reflect.DeepEqual(rev, []*Vertex{}) {
 		t.Errorf("Reverse of vertex slice failed.")
@@ -1282,3 +1290,13 @@ func TestPgraphGroupingConnected1(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	runGraphCmp(t, g1, g2)
 }
+
+func TestDurationAssumptions(t *testing.T) {
+	var d time.Duration
+	if (d == 0) != true {
+		t.Errorf("Empty time.Duration is no longer equal to zero!")
+	}
+	if (d > 0) != false {
+		t.Errorf("Empty time.Duration is now greater than zero!")
+	}
+}
--- a/puppet/gapi.go
+++ b/puppet/gapi.go
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package puppet
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+)
+
+// GAPI implements the main puppet GAPI interface.
+type GAPI struct {
+	PuppetParam *string // puppet mode to run; nil if undefined
+	PuppetConf  string  // the path to an alternate puppet.conf file
+
+	data        gapi.Data
+	initialized bool
+	closeChan   chan struct{}
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup // sync group for tunnel go routines
+}
+
+// NewGAPI creates a new puppet GAPI struct and calls Init().
+func NewGAPI(data gapi.Data, puppetParam *string, puppetConf string) (*GAPI, error) {
+	obj := &GAPI{
+		PuppetParam: puppetParam,
+		PuppetConf:  puppetConf,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init(data)
+}
+
+// Init initializes the puppet GAPI struct.
+func (obj *GAPI) Init(data gapi.Data) error {
+	if obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already initialized!")
+	}
+	if obj.PuppetParam == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The PuppetParam param must be specified!")
+	}
+	obj.data = data // store for later
+	obj.closeChan = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.initialized = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Graph returns a current Graph.
+func (obj *GAPI) Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Puppet: GAPI is not initialized!")
+	}
+	config := ParseConfigFromPuppet(*obj.PuppetParam, obj.PuppetConf)
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Puppet: ParseConfigFromPuppet returned nil!")
+	}
+	g, err := config.NewGraphFromConfig(obj.data.Hostname, obj.data.World, obj.data.Noop)
+	return g, err
+}
+
+// SwitchStream returns nil errors every time there could be a new graph.
+func (obj *GAPI) SwitchStream() chan error {
+	if obj.data.NoWatch {
+		return nil
+	}
+	puppetChan := func() <-chan time.Time { // helper function
+		return time.Tick(time.Duration(PuppetInterval(obj.PuppetConf)) * time.Second)
+	}
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		defer close(ch) // this will run before the obj.wg.Done()
+		if !obj.initialized {
+			ch <- fmt.Errorf("Puppet: GAPI is not initialized!")
+			return
+		}
+		pChan := puppetChan()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case _, ok := <-pChan:
+				if !ok { // the channel closed!
+					return
+				}
+				log.Printf("Puppet: Generating new graph...")
+				pChan = puppetChan() // TODO: okay to update interval in case it changed?
+				ch <- nil            // trigger a run
+			case <-obj.closeChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the Puppet GAPI.
+func (obj *GAPI) Close() error {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Puppet: GAPI is not initialized!")
+	}
+	close(obj.closeChan)
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	obj.initialized = false // closed = true
+	return nil
+}
--- a/puppet/puppet.go
+++ b/puppet/puppet.go
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+// Package puppet provides the integration entrypoint for the puppet language.
+package puppet

 import (
 	"bufio"
@@ -24,15 +25,18 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/yamlgraph"
 )

 const (
 	// PuppetYAMLBufferSize is the maximum buffer size for the yaml input data
 	PuppetYAMLBufferSize = 65535
+	Debug                = false // FIXME: integrate with global debug flag
 )

 func runPuppetCommand(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error) {
-	if DEBUG {
+	if Debug {
 		log.Printf("Puppet: running command: %v", cmd)
 	}

@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ func runPuppetCommand(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error) {
 		// will choke on an oversized slice. http://stackoverflow.com/a/33726617/3356612
 		result = append(result, data[0:count]...)
 	}
-	if DEBUG {
+	if Debug {
 		log.Printf("Puppet: read %v bytes of data from puppet", len(result))
 	}
 	for scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stderr); scanner.Scan(); {
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ func runPuppetCommand(cmd *exec.Cmd) ([]byte, error) {

 // ParseConfigFromPuppet takes a special puppet param string and config and
 // returns the graph configuration structure.
-func ParseConfigFromPuppet(puppetParam, puppetConf string) *GraphConfig {
+func ParseConfigFromPuppet(puppetParam, puppetConf string) *yamlgraph.GraphConfig {
 	var puppetConfArg string
 	if puppetConf != "" {
 		puppetConfArg = "--config=" + puppetConf
@@ -100,7 +104,7 @@ func ParseConfigFromPuppet(puppetParam, puppetConf string) *GraphConfig {

 	log.Println("Puppet: launching translator")

-	var config GraphConfig
+	var config yamlgraph.GraphConfig
 	if data, err := runPuppetCommand(cmd); err != nil {
 		return nil
 	} else if err := config.Parse(data); err != nil {
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ func ParseConfigFromPuppet(puppetParam, puppetConf string) *GraphConfig {

 // PuppetInterval returns the graph refresh interval from the puppet configuration.
 func PuppetInterval(puppetConf string) int {
-	if DEBUG {
+	if Debug {
 		log.Printf("Puppet: determining graph refresh interval")
 	}
 	var cmd *exec.Cmd
--- a/recwatch/configwatch.go
+++ b/recwatch/configwatch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package recwatch
+
+import (
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// ConfigWatcher returns events on a channel anytime one of its files events.
+type ConfigWatcher struct {
+	Flags Flags
+
+	ch        chan string
+	wg        sync.WaitGroup
+	closechan chan struct{}
+	errorchan chan error
+}
+
+// NewConfigWatcher creates a new ConfigWatcher struct.
+func NewConfigWatcher() *ConfigWatcher {
+	return &ConfigWatcher{
+		ch:        make(chan string),
+		closechan: make(chan struct{}),
+		errorchan: make(chan error),
+	}
+}
+
+// Add new file paths to watch for events on.
+func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Add(file ...string) {
+	if len(file) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(file) > 1 {
+		for _, f := range file { // add all the files...
+			obj.Add(f) // recurse
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	// otherwise, add the one file passed in...
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		ch := obj.ConfigWatch(file[0])
+		for {
+			select {
+			case e := <-ch:
+				if e != nil {
+					obj.errorchan <- e
+					return
+				}
+				obj.ch <- file[0]
+				continue
+			case <-obj.closechan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// Error returns a channel of errors that notifies us of permanent issues.
+func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Error() <-chan error {
+	return obj.errorchan
+}
+
+// Events returns a channel to listen on for file events. It closes when it is
+// emptied after the Close() method is called. You can test for closure with the
+// f, more := <-obj.Events() pattern.
+func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Events() chan string {
+	return obj.ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the ConfigWatcher object. It closes the Events channel after
+// all the currently pending events have been emptied.
+func (obj *ConfigWatcher) Close() {
+	if obj.ch == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	close(obj.closechan)
+	obj.wg.Wait() // wait until everyone is done sending on obj.ch
+	//obj.ch <- "" // send finished message
+	close(obj.ch)
+	obj.ch = nil
+	close(obj.errorchan)
+}
+
+// ConfigWatch writes on the channel every time an event is seen for the path.
+func (obj *ConfigWatcher) ConfigWatch(file string) chan error {
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	go func() {
+		recWatcher, err := NewRecWatcher(file, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			ch <- err
+			close(ch)
+			return
+		}
+		recWatcher.Flags = obj.Flags
+		defer recWatcher.Close()
+		for {
+			if obj.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("Watching: %v", file)
+			}
+			select {
+			case event, ok := <-recWatcher.Events():
+				if !ok { // channel is closed
+					close(ch)
+					return
+				}
+				if err := event.Error; err != nil {
+					ch <- err
+					close(ch)
+					return
+				}
+				ch <- nil // send event!
+			}
+		}
+		//close(ch)
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
--- a/recwatch/flags.go
+++ b/recwatch/flags.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package recwatch
+
+// Flags contains all the constant flags that recwatch needs.
+type Flags struct {
+	Debug bool
+}
--- a/recwatch/recwatch.go
+++ b/recwatch/recwatch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package recwatch provides recursive file watching events via fsnotify.
+package recwatch
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	"gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
+	//"github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify" // git master of "gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1"
+)
+
+// Event represents a watcher event. These can include errors.
+type Event struct {
+	Error error
+	Body  *fsnotify.Event
+}
+
+// RecWatcher is the struct for the recursive watcher. Run Init() on it.
+type RecWatcher struct {
+	Path     string // computed path
+	Recurse  bool   // should we watch recursively?
+	Flags    Flags
+	isDir    bool   // computed isDir
+	safename string // safe path
+	watcher  *fsnotify.Watcher
+	watches  map[string]struct{}
+	events   chan Event // one channel for events and err...
+	once     sync.Once
+	wg       sync.WaitGroup
+	exit     chan struct{}
+	closeErr error
+}
+
+// NewRecWatcher creates an initializes a new recursive watcher.
+func NewRecWatcher(path string, recurse bool) (*RecWatcher, error) {
+	obj := &RecWatcher{
+		Path:    path,
+		Recurse: recurse,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init starts the recursive file watcher.
+func (obj *RecWatcher) Init() error {
+	obj.watcher = nil
+	obj.watches = make(map[string]struct{})
+	obj.events = make(chan Event)
+	obj.exit = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.isDir = strings.HasSuffix(obj.Path, "/") // dirs have trailing slashes
+	obj.safename = path.Clean(obj.Path)          // no trailing slash
+
+	var err error
+	obj.watcher, err = fsnotify.NewWatcher()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if obj.isDir {
+		if err := obj.addSubFolders(obj.safename); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		if err := obj.Watch(); err != nil {
+			obj.events <- Event{Error: err}
+		}
+		obj.Close()
+	}()
+	return nil
+}
+
+//func (obj *RecWatcher) Add(path string) error { // XXX: implement me or not?
+//
+//}
+//
+//func (obj *RecWatcher) Remove(path string) error { // XXX: implement me or not?
+//
+//}
+
+// Close shuts down the watcher.
+func (obj *RecWatcher) Close() error {
+	obj.once.Do(obj.close) // don't cause the channel to close twice
+	return obj.closeErr
+}
+
+// This close function is the function that actually does the close work. Don't
+// call it more than once!
+func (obj *RecWatcher) close() {
+	var err error
+	close(obj.exit) // send exit signal
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	if obj.watcher != nil {
+		err = obj.watcher.Close()
+		obj.watcher = nil
+		// TODO: should we send the close error?
+		//if err != nil {
+		//	obj.events <- Event{Error: err}
+		//}
+	}
+	close(obj.events)
+	obj.closeErr = err // set the error
+}
+
+// Events returns a channel of events. These include events for errors.
+func (obj *RecWatcher) Events() chan Event { return obj.events }
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+func (obj *RecWatcher) Watch() error {
+	if obj.watcher == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Watcher is not initialized!")
+	}
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	defer obj.wg.Done()
+
+	patharray := util.PathSplit(obj.safename) // tokenize the path
+	var index = len(patharray)                // starting index
+	var current string                        // current "watcher" location
+	var deltaDepth int                        // depth delta between watcher and event
+	var send = false                          // send event?
+
+	for {
+		current = strings.Join(patharray[0:index], "/")
+		if current == "" { // the empty string top is the root dir ("/")
+			current = "/"
+		}
+		if obj.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("Watching: %s", current) // attempting to watch...
+		}
+		// initialize in the loop so that we can reset on rm-ed handles
+		if err := obj.watcher.Add(current); err != nil {
+			if obj.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("watcher.Add(%s): Error: %v", current, err)
+			}
+
+			if err == syscall.ENOENT {
+				index-- // usually not found, move up one dir
+				index = int(math.Max(1, float64(index)))
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if err == syscall.ENOSPC {
+				// no space left on device, out of inotify watches
+				// TODO: consider letting the user fall back to
+				// polling if they hit this error very often...
+				return fmt.Errorf("Out of inotify watches: %v", err)
+			} else if os.IsPermission(err) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("Permission denied adding a watch: %v", err)
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown error: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case event := <-obj.watcher.Events:
+			if obj.Flags.Debug {
+				log.Printf("Watch(%s), Event(%s): %v", current, event.Name, event.Op)
+			}
+			// the deeper you go, the bigger the deltaDepth is...
+			// this is the difference between what we're watching,
+			// and the event... doesn't mean we can't watch deeper
+			if current == event.Name {
+				deltaDepth = 0 // i was watching what i was looking for
+
+			} else if util.HasPathPrefix(event.Name, current) {
+				deltaDepth = len(util.PathSplit(current)) - len(util.PathSplit(event.Name)) // -1 or less
+
+			} else if util.HasPathPrefix(current, event.Name) {
+				deltaDepth = len(util.PathSplit(event.Name)) - len(util.PathSplit(current)) // +1 or more
+				// if below me...
+				if _, exists := obj.watches[event.Name]; exists {
+					send = true
+					if event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove {
+						obj.watcher.Remove(event.Name)
+						delete(obj.watches, event.Name)
+					}
+					if (event.Op&fsnotify.Create == fsnotify.Create) && isDir(event.Name) {
+						obj.watcher.Add(event.Name)
+						obj.watches[event.Name] = struct{}{}
+						if err := obj.addSubFolders(event.Name); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+			} else {
+				// TODO: different watchers get each others events!
+				// https://github.com/go-fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/95
+				// this happened with two values such as:
+				// event.Name: /tmp/mgmt/f3 and current: /tmp/mgmt/f2
+				continue
+			}
+			//log.Printf("The delta depth is: %v", deltaDepth)
+
+			// if we have what we wanted, awesome, send an event...
+			if event.Name == obj.safename {
+				//log.Println("Event!")
+				// FIXME: should all these below cases trigger?
+				send = true
+
+				if obj.isDir {
+					if err := obj.addSubFolders(obj.safename); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+				}
+
+				// file removed, move the watch upwards
+				if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
+					//log.Println("Removal!")
+					obj.watcher.Remove(current)
+					index--
+				}
+
+				// we must be a parent watcher, so descend in
+				if deltaDepth < 0 {
+					// XXX: we can block here due to: https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify/issues/123
+					obj.watcher.Remove(current)
+					index++
+				}
+
+				// if safename starts with event.Name, we're above, and no event should be sent
+			} else if util.HasPathPrefix(obj.safename, event.Name) {
+				//log.Println("Above!")
+
+				if deltaDepth >= 0 && (event.Op&fsnotify.Remove == fsnotify.Remove) {
+					log.Println("Removal!")
+					obj.watcher.Remove(current)
+					index--
+				}
+
+				if deltaDepth < 0 {
+					log.Println("Parent!")
+					if util.PathPrefixDelta(obj.safename, event.Name) == 1 { // we're the parent dir
+						send = true
+					}
+					obj.watcher.Remove(current)
+					index++
+				}
+
+				// if event.Name startswith safename, send event, we're already deeper
+			} else if util.HasPathPrefix(event.Name, obj.safename) {
+				//log.Println("Event2!")
+				send = true
+			}
+
+			// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+			if send {
+				send = false
+				// only invalid state on certain types of events
+				obj.events <- Event{Error: nil, Body: &event}
+			}
+
+		case err := <-obj.watcher.Errors:
+			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown watcher error: %v", err)
+
+		case <-obj.exit:
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// addSubFolders is a helper that is used to add recursive dirs to the watches.
+func (obj *RecWatcher) addSubFolders(p string) error {
+	if !obj.Recurse {
+		return nil // if we're not watching recursively, just exit early
+	}
+	// look at all subfolders...
+	walkFn := func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
+		if obj.Flags.Debug {
+			log.Printf("Walk: %s (%v): %v", path, info, err)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if info.IsDir() {
+			obj.watches[path] = struct{}{} // add key
+			err := obj.watcher.Add(path)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err // TODO: will this bubble up?
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	err := filepath.Walk(p, walkFn)
+	return err
+}
+
+func isDir(path string) bool {
+	finfo, err := os.Stat(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return finfo.IsDir()
+}
--- a/remote/remote.go
+++ b/remote/remote.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

+// Package remote provides the remoting facilities for agentless execution.
 // This set of structs and methods are for running mgmt remotely over SSH. This
 // gives us the architectural robustness of our current design, combined with
 // the ability to run it with an "agent-less" approach for bootstrapping, and
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@
 // remote mgmt transient agents are running, they can still exchange data and
 // converge together without directly connecting, since they all tunnel through
 // the etcd server running on the initiator.
-package main // TODO: make this a separate "remote" package
+package remote

 // TODO: running with two identical remote endpoints over a slow connection, eg:
 // --remote file1.yaml --remote file1.yaml
@@ -46,10 +47,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/howeyc/gopass"
-	"github.com/kardianos/osext"
-	"github.com/pkg/sftp"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"log"
@@ -63,6 +60,17 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	cv "github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/converger"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/yamlgraph"
+
+	multierr "github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	"github.com/howeyc/gopass"
+	"github.com/kardianos/osext"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/pkg/sftp"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )

 const (
@@ -76,6 +84,12 @@ const (
 	nonInteractivePasswordTimeout        = 5 * 2                                  // five minutes
 )

+// Flags are constants required by the remote lib.
+type Flags struct {
+	Program string
+	Debug   bool
+}
+
 // The SSH struct is the unit building block for a single remote SSH connection.
 type SSH struct {
 	hostname string // uuid of the host, as used by the --hostname argument
@@ -94,7 +108,7 @@ type SSH struct {
 	depth     uint16 // depth of this node in the remote execution hierarchy
 	caching   bool   // whether to try and cache the copy of the binary
 	prefix    string // location we're allowed to put data on the remote server
-	converger Converger
+	converger cv.Converger

 	client   *ssh.Client  // client object
 	sftp     *sftp.Client // sftp object
@@ -107,6 +121,7 @@ type SSH struct {
 	lock    sync.Mutex     // mutex to avoid exit races
 	exiting bool           // flag to let us know if we're exiting

+	flags    Flags  // constant runtime values
 	remotewd string // path to remote working directory
 	execpath string // path to remote mgmt binary
 	filepath string // path to remote file config
@@ -135,7 +150,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) Close() error {
 	return obj.client.Close()
 }

-// The Sftp function uses the sftp protocol to create a remote dir and copy over
+// Sftp is a function for the sftp protocol to create a remote dir and copy over
 // the binary to run. On error the string represents the path to the remote dir.
 func (obj *SSH) Sftp() error {
 	var err error
@@ -163,7 +178,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) Sftp() error {

 	// TODO: make the path configurable to deal with /tmp/ mounted noexec?
 	tmpdir := func() string {
-		return fmt.Sprintf(formatPattern, fmtUUID(10)) // eg: /tmp/mgmt.abcdefghij/
+		return fmt.Sprintf(formatPattern, fmtUID(10)) // eg: /tmp/mgmt.abcdefghij/
 	}
 	var ready bool
 	obj.remotewd = ""
@@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) Sftp() error {
 	}

 	for i := 0; true; {
-		// NOTE: since fmtUUID is deterministic, if we don't clean up
+		// NOTE: since fmtUID is deterministic, if we don't clean up
 		// previous runs, we may get the same paths generated, and here
 		// they will conflict.
 		if err := obj.sftp.Mkdir(obj.remotewd); err != nil {
@@ -214,7 +229,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) Sftp() error {
 		break
 	}

-	obj.execpath = path.Join(obj.remotewd, program) // program is a compile time string from main.go
+	obj.execpath = path.Join(obj.remotewd, obj.flags.Program) // program is a compile time string
 	log.Printf("Remote: Remote path is: %s", obj.execpath)

 	var same bool
@@ -438,7 +453,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) forward(remoteConn net.Conn) net.Conn {
 			log.Printf("Remote: io.Copy error: %s", err)
 			// FIXME: what should we do here???
 		}
-		if DEBUG {
+		if obj.flags.Debug {
 			log.Printf("Remote: io.Copy finished: %d", n)
 		}
 	}
@@ -483,7 +498,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) Exec() error {
 	// TODO: do something less arbitrary about which one we pick?
 	url := cleanURL(obj.remoteURLs[0])                           // arbitrarily pick the first one
 	seeds := fmt.Sprintf("--no-server --seeds 'http://%s'", url) // XXX: escape untrusted input? (or check if url is valid)
-	file := fmt.Sprintf("--file '%s'", obj.filepath)             // XXX: escape untrusted input! (or check if file path exists)
+	file := fmt.Sprintf("--yaml '%s'", obj.filepath)             // XXX: escape untrusted input! (or check if file path exists)
 	depth := fmt.Sprintf("--depth %d", obj.depth+1)              // child is +1 distance
 	args := []string{hostname, seeds, file, depth}
 	if obj.noop {
@@ -553,7 +568,7 @@ func (obj *SSH) ExecExit() error {
 	}

 	// FIXME: workaround: force a signal!
-	if _, err := obj.simpleRun(fmt.Sprintf("killall -SIGINT %s", program)); err != nil { // FIXME: low specificity
+	if _, err := obj.simpleRun(fmt.Sprintf("killall -SIGINT %s", obj.flags.Program)); err != nil { // FIXME: low specificity
 		log.Printf("Remote: Failed to send SIGINT: %s", err.Error())
 	}

@@ -562,12 +577,12 @@ func (obj *SSH) ExecExit() error {
 		// try killing the process more violently
 		time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
 		//obj.session.Signal(ssh.SIGKILL)
-		cmd := fmt.Sprintf("killall -SIGKILL %s", program) // FIXME: low specificity
+		cmd := fmt.Sprintf("killall -SIGKILL %s", obj.flags.Program) // FIXME: low specificity
 		obj.simpleRun(cmd)
 	}()

 	// FIXME: workaround: wait (spin lock) until process quits cleanly...
-	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("while killall -0 %s 2> /dev/null; do sleep 1s; done", program) // FIXME: low specificity
+	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("while killall -0 %s 2> /dev/null; do sleep 1s; done", obj.flags.Program) // FIXME: low specificity
 	if _, err := obj.simpleRun(cmd); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error waiting: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -680,29 +695,30 @@ type Remotes struct {
 	caching      bool   // whether to try and cache the copy of the binary
 	depth        uint16 // depth of this node in the remote execution hierarchy
 	prefix       string // folder prefix to use for misc storage
-	converger    Converger
+	converger    cv.Converger
 	convergerCb  func(func(map[string]bool) error) (func(), error)

-	wg                 sync.WaitGroup           // keep track of each running SSH connection
-	lock               sync.Mutex               // mutex for access to sshmap
-	sshmap             map[string]*SSH          // map to each SSH struct with the remote as the key
-	exiting            bool                     // flag to let us know if we're exiting
-	exitChan           chan struct{}            // closes when we should exit
-	semaphore          Semaphore                // counting semaphore to limit concurrent connections
-	hostnames          []string                 // list of hostnames we've seen so far
-	cuuid              ConvergerUUID            // convergerUUID for the remote itself
-	cuuids             map[string]ConvergerUUID // map to each SSH struct with the remote as the key
-	callbackCancelFunc func()                   // stored callback function cancel function
+	wg                 sync.WaitGroup             // keep track of each running SSH connection
+	lock               sync.Mutex                 // mutex for access to sshmap
+	sshmap             map[string]*SSH            // map to each SSH struct with the remote as the key
+	exiting            bool                       // flag to let us know if we're exiting
+	exitChan           chan struct{}              // closes when we should exit
+	semaphore          Semaphore                  // counting semaphore to limit concurrent connections
+	hostnames          []string                   // list of hostnames we've seen so far
+	cuid               cv.ConvergerUID            // convergerUID for the remote itself
+	cuids              map[string]cv.ConvergerUID // map to each SSH struct with the remote as the key
+	callbackCancelFunc func()                     // stored callback function cancel function

+	flags Flags // constant runtime values
 }

-// The NewRemotes function builds a Remotes struct.
-func NewRemotes(clientURLs, remoteURLs []string, noop bool, remotes []string, fileWatch chan string, cConns uint16, interactive bool, sshPrivIdRsa string, caching bool, depth uint16, prefix string, converger Converger, convergerCb func(func(map[string]bool) error) (func(), error)) *Remotes {
+// NewRemotes builds a Remotes struct.
+func NewRemotes(clientURLs, remoteURLs []string, noop bool, remotes []string, fileWatch chan string, cConns uint16, interactive bool, sshPrivIdRsa string, caching bool, depth uint16, prefix string, converger cv.Converger, convergerCb func(func(map[string]bool) error) (func(), error), flags Flags) *Remotes {
 	return &Remotes{
 		clientURLs:   clientURLs,
 		remoteURLs:   remoteURLs,
 		noop:         noop,
-		remotes:      StrRemoveDuplicatesInList(remotes),
+		remotes:      util.StrRemoveDuplicatesInList(remotes),
 		fileWatch:    fileWatch,
 		cConns:       cConns,
 		interactive:  interactive,
@@ -716,7 +732,8 @@ func NewRemotes(clientURLs, remoteURLs []string, noop bool, remotes []string, fi
 		exitChan:     make(chan struct{}),
 		semaphore:    NewSemaphore(int(cConns)),
 		hostnames:    make([]string, len(remotes)),
-		cuuids:       make(map[string]ConvergerUUID),
+		cuids:        make(map[string]cv.ConvergerUID),
+		flags:        flags,
 	}
 }

@@ -724,7 +741,7 @@ func NewRemotes(clientURLs, remoteURLs []string, noop bool, remotes []string, fi
 // It takes as input the path to a graph definition file.
 func (obj *Remotes) NewSSH(file string) (*SSH, error) {
 	// first do the parsing...
-	config := ParseConfigFromFile(file)
+	config := yamlgraph.ParseConfigFromFile(file) // FIXME: GAPI-ify somehow?
 	if config == nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Remote: Error parsing remote graph: %s", file)
 	}
@@ -781,11 +798,12 @@ func (obj *Remotes) NewSSH(file string) (*SSH, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("No authentication methods available!")
 	}

-	hostname := config.Hostname
+	//hostname := config.Hostname // TODO: optionally specify local hostname somehow
+	hostname := ""
 	if hostname == "" {
 		hostname = host // default to above
 	}
-	if StrInList(hostname, obj.hostnames) {
+	if util.StrInList(hostname, obj.hostnames) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Remote: Hostname `%s` already exists!", hostname)
 	}
 	obj.hostnames = append(obj.hostnames, hostname)
@@ -805,6 +823,7 @@ func (obj *Remotes) NewSSH(file string) (*SSH, error) {
 		caching:    obj.caching,
 		converger:  obj.converger,
 		prefix:     obj.prefix,
+		flags:      obj.flags,
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -872,24 +891,23 @@ func (obj *Remotes) passwordCallback(user, host string) func() (string, error) {
 			return p, nil
 		case e := <-failchan:
 			return "", e
-		case <-TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
+		case <-util.TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
 			return "", fmt.Errorf("Interactive timeout reached!")
 		}
 	}
 	return cb
 }

-// The Run method of the Remotes struct kicks it all off. It is usually run from
-// a go routine.
+// Run kicks it all off. It is usually run from a go routine.
 func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 	// TODO: we can disable a lot of this if we're not using --converged-timeout
 	// link in all the converged timeout checking and callbacks...
-	obj.cuuid = obj.converger.Register() // one for me!
-	obj.cuuid.SetName("Remote: Run")
+	obj.cuid = obj.converger.Register() // one for me!
+	obj.cuid.SetName("Remote: Run")
 	for _, f := range obj.remotes { // one for each remote...
-		obj.cuuids[f] = obj.converger.Register() // save a reference
-		obj.cuuids[f].SetName(fmt.Sprintf("Remote: %s", f))
-		//obj.cuuids[f].SetConverged(false) // everyone starts off false
+		obj.cuids[f] = obj.converger.Register() // save a reference
+		obj.cuids[f].SetName(fmt.Sprintf("Remote: %s", f))
+		//obj.cuids[f].SetConverged(false) // everyone starts off false
 	}

 	// watch for converged state in the group of remotes...
@@ -911,12 +929,12 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 			if !ok { // no status on hostname means unconverged!
 				continue
 			}
-			if DEBUG {
+			if obj.flags.Debug {
 				log.Printf("Remote: Converged: Status: %+v", obj.converger.Status())
 			}
 			// if exiting, don't update, it will be unregistered...
 			if !sshobj.exiting { // this is actually racy, but safe
-				obj.cuuids[f].SetConverged(b) // ignore errors!
+				obj.cuids[f].SetConverged(b) // ignore errors!
 			}
 		}

@@ -943,10 +961,10 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 					if !more {
 						return
 					}
-					obj.cuuid.SetConverged(false) // activity!
+					obj.cuid.SetConverged(false) // activity!

-				case <-obj.cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-					obj.cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+				case <-obj.cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+					obj.cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 					continue
 				}
 				obj.lock.Lock()
@@ -965,7 +983,7 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 			}
 		}()
 	} else {
-		obj.cuuid.SetConverged(true) // if no watches, we're converged!
+		obj.cuid.SetConverged(true) // if no watches, we're converged!
 	}

 	// the semaphore provides the max simultaneous connection limit
@@ -983,7 +1001,7 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 			if obj.cConns != 0 {
 				obj.semaphore.V(1) // don't lock the loop
 			}
-			obj.cuuids[f].Unregister() // don't stall the converge!
+			obj.cuids[f].Unregister() // don't stall the converge!
 			continue
 		}
 		obj.sshmap[f] = sshobj // save a reference
@@ -994,7 +1012,7 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 				defer obj.semaphore.V(1)
 			}
 			defer obj.wg.Done()
-			defer obj.cuuids[f].Unregister()
+			defer obj.cuids[f].Unregister()

 			if err := sshobj.Go(); err != nil {
 				log.Printf("Remote: Error: %s", err)
@@ -1005,13 +1023,14 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Run() {
 	}
 }

-// The Exit method causes as much of the Remotes struct to shutdown as quickly
-// and as cleanly as possible. It only returns once everything is shutdown.
-func (obj *Remotes) Exit() {
+// Exit causes as much of the Remotes struct to shutdown as quickly and as
+// cleanly as possible. It only returns once everything is shutdown.
+func (obj *Remotes) Exit() error {
 	obj.lock.Lock()
 	obj.exiting = true // don't spawn new ones once this flag is set!
 	obj.lock.Unlock()
 	close(obj.exitChan)
+	var reterr error
 	for _, f := range obj.remotes {
 		sshobj, exists := obj.sshmap[f]
 		if !exists || sshobj == nil {
@@ -1020,7 +1039,8 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Exit() {

 		// TODO: should we run these as go routines?
 		if err := sshobj.Stop(); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("Remote: Error stopping: %s", err)
+			err = errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Remote: Error stopping!")
+			reterr = multierr.Append(reterr, err) // list of errors
 		}
 	}

@@ -1028,14 +1048,15 @@ func (obj *Remotes) Exit() {
 		obj.callbackCancelFunc() // cancel our callback
 	}

-	defer obj.cuuid.Unregister()
+	defer obj.cuid.Unregister()
 	obj.wg.Wait() // wait for everyone to exit
+	return reterr
 }

-// fmtUUID makes a random string of length n, it is not cryptographically safe.
+// fmtUID makes a random string of length n, it is not cryptographically safe.
 // This function actually usually generates the same sequence of random strings
 // each time the program is run, which makes repeatability of this code easier.
-func fmtUUID(n int) string {
+func fmtUID(n int) string {
 	b := make([]byte, n)
 	for i := range b {
 		b[i] = formatChars[rand.Intn(len(formatChars))]
--- a/resources.go
+++ b/resources.go
@@ -1,366 +0,0 @@
-// Mgmt
-// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
-// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
-//
-// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
-// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-// (at your option) any later version.
-//
-// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
-//
-// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
-// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/base64"
-	"encoding/gob"
-	"fmt"
-	"log"
-)
-
-//go:generate stringer -type=resState -output=resstate_stringer.go
-type resState int
-
-const (
-	resStateNil resState = iota
-	resStateWatching
-	resStateEvent // an event has happened, but we haven't poked yet
-	resStateCheckApply
-	resStatePoking
-)
-
-// ResUUID is a unique identifier for a resource, namely it's name, and the kind ("type").
-type ResUUID interface {
-	GetName() string
-	Kind() string
-	IFF(ResUUID) bool
-
-	Reversed() bool // true means this resource happens before the generator
-}
-
-// The BaseUUID struct is used to provide a unique resource identifier.
-type BaseUUID struct {
-	name string // name and kind are the values of where this is coming from
-	kind string
-
-	reversed *bool // piggyback edge information here
-}
-
-// The AutoEdge interface is used to implement the autoedges feature.
-type AutoEdge interface {
-	Next() []ResUUID  // call to get list of edges to add
-	Test([]bool) bool // call until false
-}
-
-// MetaParams is a struct will all params that apply to every resource.
-type MetaParams struct {
-	AutoEdge  bool `yaml:"autoedge"`  // metaparam, should we generate auto edges? // XXX should default to true
-	AutoGroup bool `yaml:"autogroup"` // metaparam, should we auto group? // XXX should default to true
-	Noop      bool `yaml:"noop"`
-}
-
-// The Base interface is everything that is common to all resources.
-// Everything here only needs to be implemented once, in the BaseRes.
-type Base interface {
-	GetName() string // can't be named "Name()" because of struct field
-	SetName(string)
-	setKind(string)
-	Kind() string
-	Meta() *MetaParams
-	AssociateData(Converger)
-	IsWatching() bool
-	SetWatching(bool)
-	GetState() resState
-	SetState(resState)
-	SendEvent(eventName, bool, bool) bool
-	ReadEvent(*Event) (bool, bool) // TODO: optional here?
-	GroupCmp(Res) bool             // TODO: is there a better name for this?
-	GroupRes(Res) error            // group resource (arg) into self
-	IsGrouped() bool               // am I grouped?
-	SetGrouped(bool)               // set grouped bool
-	GetGroup() []Res               // return everyone grouped inside me
-	SetGroup([]Res)
-}
-
-// Res is the minimum interface you need to implement to define a new resource.
-type Res interface {
-	Base // include everything from the Base interface
-	Init()
-	//Validate() bool    // TODO: this might one day be added
-	GetUUIDs() []ResUUID // most resources only return one
-	Watch(chan Event)    // send on channel to signal process() events
-	CheckApply(bool) (bool, error)
-	AutoEdges() AutoEdge
-	Compare(Res) bool
-	CollectPattern(string) // XXX: temporary until Res collection is more advanced
-}
-
-// BaseRes is the base struct that gets used in every resource.
-type BaseRes struct {
-	Name       string     `yaml:"name"`
-	MetaParams MetaParams `yaml:"meta"` // struct of all the metaparams
-	kind       string
-	events     chan Event
-	converger  Converger // converged tracking
-	state      resState
-	watching   bool  // is Watch() loop running ?
-	isStateOK  bool  // whether the state is okay based on events or not
-	isGrouped  bool  // am i contained within a group?
-	grouped    []Res // list of any grouped resources
-}
-
-// UUIDExistsInUUIDs wraps the IFF method when used with a list of UUID's.
-func UUIDExistsInUUIDs(uuid ResUUID, uuids []ResUUID) bool {
-	for _, u := range uuids {
-		if uuid.IFF(u) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// GetName returns the name of the resource.
-func (obj *BaseUUID) GetName() string {
-	return obj.name
-}
-
-// Kind returns the kind of resource.
-func (obj *BaseUUID) Kind() string {
-	return obj.kind
-}
-
-// IFF looks at two UUID's and if and only if they are equivalent, returns true.
-// If they are not equivalent, it returns false.
-// Most resources will want to override this method, since it does the important
-// work of actually discerning if two resources are identical in function.
-func (obj *BaseUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
-	res, ok := uuid.(*BaseUUID)
-	if !ok {
-		return false
-	}
-	return obj.name == res.name
-}
-
-// Reversed is part of the ResUUID interface, and true means this resource
-// happens before the generator.
-func (obj *BaseUUID) Reversed() bool {
-	if obj.reversed == nil {
-		log.Fatal("Programming error!")
-	}
-	return *obj.reversed
-}
-
-// Init initializes structures like channels if created without New constructor.
-func (obj *BaseRes) Init() {
-	obj.events = make(chan Event) // unbuffered chan size to avoid stale events
-}
-
-// GetName is used by all the resources to Get the name.
-func (obj *BaseRes) GetName() string {
-	return obj.Name
-}
-
-// SetName is used to set the name of the resource.
-func (obj *BaseRes) SetName(name string) {
-	obj.Name = name
-}
-
-// setKind sets the kind. This is used internally for exported resources.
-func (obj *BaseRes) setKind(kind string) {
-	obj.kind = kind
-}
-
-// Kind returns the kind of resource this is.
-func (obj *BaseRes) Kind() string {
-	return obj.kind
-}
-
-// Meta returns the MetaParams as a reference, which we can then get/set on.
-func (obj *BaseRes) Meta() *MetaParams {
-	return &obj.MetaParams
-}
-
-// AssociateData associates some data with the object in question.
-func (obj *BaseRes) AssociateData(converger Converger) {
-	obj.converger = converger
-}
-
-// IsWatching tells us if the Watch() function is running.
-func (obj *BaseRes) IsWatching() bool {
-	return obj.watching
-}
-
-// SetWatching stores the status of if the Watch() function is running.
-func (obj *BaseRes) SetWatching(b bool) {
-	obj.watching = b
-}
-
-// GetState returns the state of the resource.
-func (obj *BaseRes) GetState() resState {
-	return obj.state
-}
-
-// SetState sets the state of the resource.
-func (obj *BaseRes) SetState(state resState) {
-	if DEBUG {
-		log.Printf("%v[%v]: State: %v -> %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.GetState(), state)
-	}
-	obj.state = state
-}
-
-// SendEvent pushes an event into the message queue for a particular vertex
-func (obj *BaseRes) SendEvent(event eventName, sync bool, activity bool) bool {
-	// TODO: isn't this race-y ?
-	if !obj.IsWatching() { // element has already exited
-		return false // if we don't return, we'll block on the send
-	}
-	if !sync {
-		obj.events <- Event{event, nil, "", activity}
-		return true
-	}
-
-	resp := make(chan bool)
-	obj.events <- Event{event, resp, "", activity}
-	for {
-		value := <-resp
-		// wait until true value
-		if value {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// ReadEvent processes events when a select gets one, and handles the pause
-// code too! The return values specify if we should exit and poke respectively.
-func (obj *BaseRes) ReadEvent(event *Event) (exit, poke bool) {
-	event.ACK()
-	switch event.Name {
-	case eventStart:
-		return false, true
-
-	case eventPoke:
-		return false, true
-
-	case eventBackPoke:
-		return false, true // forward poking in response to a back poke!
-
-	case eventExit:
-		return true, false
-
-	case eventPause:
-		// wait for next event to continue
-		select {
-		case e := <-obj.events:
-			e.ACK()
-			if e.Name == eventExit {
-				return true, false
-			} else if e.Name == eventStart { // eventContinue
-				return false, false // don't poke on unpause!
-			} else {
-				// if we get a poke event here, it's a bug!
-				log.Fatalf("%v[%v]: Unknown event: %v, while paused!", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), e)
-			}
-		}
-
-	default:
-		log.Fatal("Unknown event: ", event)
-	}
-	return true, false // required to keep the stupid go compiler happy
-}
-
-// GroupCmp compares two resources and decides if they're suitable for grouping
-// You'll probably want to override this method when implementing a resource...
-func (obj *BaseRes) GroupCmp(res Res) bool {
-	return false // base implementation assumes false, override me!
-}
-
-// GroupRes groups resource (arg) into self.
-func (obj *BaseRes) GroupRes(res Res) error {
-	if l := len(res.GetGroup()); l > 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Res: %v already contains %d grouped resources!", res, l)
-	}
-	if res.IsGrouped() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Res: %v is already grouped!", res)
-	}
-
-	obj.grouped = append(obj.grouped, res)
-	res.SetGrouped(true) // i am contained _in_ a group
-	return nil
-}
-
-// IsGrouped determines if we are grouped.
-func (obj *BaseRes) IsGrouped() bool { // am I grouped?
-	return obj.isGrouped
-}
-
-// SetGrouped sets a flag to tell if we are grouped.
-func (obj *BaseRes) SetGrouped(b bool) {
-	obj.isGrouped = b
-}
-
-// GetGroup returns everyone grouped inside me.
-func (obj *BaseRes) GetGroup() []Res { // return everyone grouped inside me
-	return obj.grouped
-}
-
-// SetGroup sets the grouped resources into me.
-func (obj *BaseRes) SetGroup(g []Res) {
-	obj.grouped = g
-}
-
-// Compare is the base compare method, which also handles the metaparams cmp
-func (obj *BaseRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
-	if obj.Meta().Noop != res.Meta().Noop {
-		// obj is the existing res, res is the *new* resource
-		// if we go from no-noop -> noop, we can re-use the obj
-		// if we go from noop -> no-noop, we need to regenerate
-		if obj.Meta().Noop { // asymmetrical
-			return false // going from noop to no-noop!
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// CollectPattern is used for resource collection.
-func (obj *BaseRes) CollectPattern(pattern string) {
-	// XXX: default method is empty
-}
-
-// ResToB64 encodes a resource to a base64 encoded string (after serialization)
-func ResToB64(res Res) (string, error) {
-	b := bytes.Buffer{}
-	e := gob.NewEncoder(&b)
-	err := e.Encode(&res) // pass with &
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("Gob failed to encode: %v", err)
-	}
-	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(b.Bytes()), nil
-}
-
-// B64ToRes decodes a resource from a base64 encoded string (after deserialization)
-func B64ToRes(str string) (Res, error) {
-	var output interface{}
-	bb, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(str)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Base64 failed to decode: %v", err)
-	}
-	b := bytes.NewBuffer(bb)
-	d := gob.NewDecoder(b)
-	err = d.Decode(&output) // pass with &
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Gob failed to decode: %v", err)
-	}
-	res, ok := output.(Res)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Output %v is not a Res", res)
-
-	}
-	return res, nil
-}
--- a/resources/exec.go
+++ b/resources/exec.go
@@ -15,16 +15,22 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package resources

 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ type ExecRes struct {
 }

 // NewExecRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewExecRes(name, cmd, shell string, timeout int, watchcmd, watchshell, ifcmd, ifshell string, pollint int, state string) *ExecRes {
+func NewExecRes(name, cmd, shell string, timeout int, watchcmd, watchshell, ifcmd, ifshell string, pollint int, state string) (*ExecRes, error) {
 	obj := &ExecRes{
 		BaseRes: BaseRes{
 			Name: name,
@@ -61,32 +67,31 @@ func NewExecRes(name, cmd, shell string, timeout int, watchcmd, watchshell, ifcm
 		PollInt:    pollint,
 		State:      state,
 	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
+	return obj, obj.Init()
 }

 // Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *ExecRes) Init() {
+func (obj *ExecRes) Init() error {
 	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Exec"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
 }

-// validate if the params passed in are valid data
+// Validate if the params passed in are valid data.
 // FIXME: where should this get called ?
-func (obj *ExecRes) Validate() bool {
+func (obj *ExecRes) Validate() error {
 	if obj.Cmd == "" { // this is the only thing that is really required
-		return false
+		return fmt.Errorf("Command can't be empty!")
 	}

 	// if we have a watch command, then we don't poll with the if command!
 	if obj.WatchCmd != "" && obj.PollInt > 0 {
-		return false
+		return fmt.Errorf("Don't poll when we have a watch command.")
 	}

-	return true
+	return nil
 }

-// wraps the scanner output in a channel
+// BufioChanScanner wraps the scanner output in a channel.
 func (obj *ExecRes) BufioChanScanner(scanner *bufio.Scanner) (chan string, chan error) {
 	ch, errch := make(chan string), make(chan error)
 	go func() {
@@ -94,7 +99,7 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) BufioChanScanner(scanner *bufio.Scanner) (chan string, chan
 			ch <- scanner.Text() // blocks here ?
 			if e := scanner.Err(); e != nil {
 				errch <- e // send any misc errors we encounter
-				//break // TODO ?
+				//break // TODO: ?
 			}
 		}
 		close(ch)
@@ -105,14 +110,23 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) BufioChanScanner(scanner *bufio.Scanner) (chan string, chan
 }

 // Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
-func (obj *ExecRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
+func (obj *ExecRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
 	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	obj.SetWatching(true)
 	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}

 	var send = false // send event?
 	var exit = false
@@ -138,8 +152,7 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {

 		cmdReader, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Error creating StdoutPipe for Cmd: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
-			log.Fatal(err) // XXX: how should we handle errors?
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Error creating StdoutPipe for Cmd")
 		}
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(cmdReader)

@@ -150,55 +163,57 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 			cmd.Process.Kill() // TODO: is this necessary?
 		}()
 		if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Error starting Cmd: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
-			log.Fatal(err) // XXX: how should we handle errors?
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Error starting Cmd")
 		}

 		bufioch, errch = obj.BufioChanScanner(scanner)
 	}

 	for {
-		obj.SetState(resStateWatching) // reset
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
 		select {
 		case text := <-bufioch:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
 			// each time we get a line of output, we loop!
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Watch output: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), text)
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Watch output: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), text)
 			if text != "" {
 				send = true
 			}

 		case err := <-errch:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false) // XXX ?
-			if err == nil {           // EOF
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if err == nil { // EOF
 				// FIXME: add an "if watch command ends/crashes"
 				// restart or generate error option
-				log.Printf("%v[%v]: Reached EOF", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
-				return
+				return fmt.Errorf("Reached EOF")
 			}
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Error reading input?: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
-			log.Fatal(err)
-			// XXX: how should we handle errors?
+			// error reading input?
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Unknown error")

-		case event := <-obj.events:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
 			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-				return // exit
+				return nil // exit
 			}

-		case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-			cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
 		}

 		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
 		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
 			send = false
 			// it is okay to invalidate the clean state on poke too
-			obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "", true} // trigger process
-			resp.ACKWait()                                 // wait for the ACK()
+			obj.StateOK(false) // something made state dirty
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -206,12 +221,11 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 // CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
 // input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
 // TODO: expand the IfCmd to be a list of commands
-func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
+func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {

 	// if there is a watch command, but no if command, run based on state
 	if obj.WatchCmd != "" && obj.IfCmd == "" {
-		if obj.isStateOK {
+		if obj.IsStateOK() { // FIXME: this is done by engine now...
 			return true, nil
 		}

@@ -221,8 +235,8 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 		//} else if obj.IfCmd != "" && obj.WatchCmd != "" {

 		if obj.PollInt > 0 { // && obj.WatchCmd == ""
-			// XXX have the Watch() command output onlyif poll events...
-			// XXX we can optimize by saving those results for returning here
+			// XXX: have the Watch() command output onlyif poll events...
+			// XXX: we can optimize by saving those results for returning here
 			// return XXX
 		}

@@ -249,7 +263,7 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 		// if there is no watcher and no onlyif check, assume we should run
 	} else { // if obj.WatchCmd == "" && obj.IfCmd == "" {
 		// just run if state is dirty
-		if obj.isStateOK {
+		if obj.IsStateOK() { // FIXME: this is done by engine now...
 			return true, nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -260,7 +274,7 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	}

 	// apply portion
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: Apply", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	log.Printf("%s[%s]: Apply", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
 	var cmdName string
 	var cmdArgs []string
 	if obj.Shell == "" {
@@ -281,9 +295,8 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	var out bytes.Buffer
 	cmd.Stdout = &out

-	if err = cmd.Start(); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("%v[%v]: Error starting Cmd: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
-		return false, err
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Error starting Cmd")
 	}

 	timeout := obj.Timeout
@@ -294,49 +307,48 @@ func (obj *ExecRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	go func() { done <- cmd.Wait() }()

 	select {
-	case err = <-done:
+	case err := <-done:
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: Error waiting for Cmd: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
-			return false, err
+			e := errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Error waiting for Cmd")
+			return false, e
 		}

-	case <-TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
-		log.Printf("%v[%v]: Timeout waiting for Cmd", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	case <-util.TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
 		//cmd.Process.Kill() // TODO: is this necessary?
-		return false, errors.New("Timeout waiting for Cmd!")
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Timeout waiting for Cmd!")
 	}

 	// TODO: if we printed the stdout while the command is running, this
 	// would be nice, but it would require terminal log output that doesn't
 	// interleave all the parallel parts which would mix it all up...
 	if s := out.String(); s == "" {
-		log.Printf("Exec[%v]: Command output is empty!", obj.Name)
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Command output is empty!", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+
 	} else {
-		log.Printf("Exec[%v]: Command output is:", obj.Name)
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Command output is:", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
 		log.Printf(out.String())
 	}
 	// XXX: return based on exit value!!

-	// the state tracking is for exec resources that can't "detect" their
+	// The state tracking is for exec resources that can't "detect" their
 	// state, and assume it's invalid when the Watch() function triggers.
-	// if we apply state successfully, we should reset it here so that we
+	// If we apply state successfully, we should reset it here so that we
 	// know that we have applied since the state was set not ok by event!
-	obj.isStateOK = true // reset
-	return false, nil    // success
+	// This now happens automatically after the engine runs CheckApply().
+	return false, nil // success
 }

-// ExecUUID is the UUID struct for ExecRes.
-type ExecUUID struct {
-	BaseUUID
+// ExecUID is the UID struct for ExecRes.
+type ExecUID struct {
+	BaseUID
 	Cmd   string
 	IfCmd string
 	// TODO: add more elements here
 }

-// if and only if they are equivalent, return true
-// if they are not equivalent, return false
-func (obj *ExecUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
-	res, ok := uuid.(*ExecUUID)
+// IFF aka if and only if they are equivalent, return true. If not, false.
+func (obj *ExecUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*ExecUID)
 	if !ok {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -368,23 +380,23 @@ func (obj *ExecUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
 	return true
 }

-// The AutoEdges method returns the AutoEdges. In this case none are used.
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
 func (obj *ExecRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
 	// TODO: parse as many exec params to look for auto edges, for example
 	// the path of the binary in the Cmd variable might be from in a pkg
 	return nil
 }

-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
 // Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *ExecRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &ExecUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
-		Cmd:      obj.Cmd,
-		IfCmd:    obj.IfCmd,
+func (obj *ExecRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &ExecUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		Cmd:     obj.Cmd,
+		IfCmd:   obj.IfCmd,
 		// TODO: add more params here
 	}
-	return []ResUUID{x}
+	return []ResUID{x}
 }

 // GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
--- a/resources/file.go
+++ b/resources/file.go
@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/recwatch"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&FileRes{})
+}
+
+// FileRes is a file and directory resource.
+type FileRes struct {
+	BaseRes    `yaml:",inline"`
+	Path       string  `yaml:"path"` // path variable (should default to name)
+	Dirname    string  `yaml:"dirname"`
+	Basename   string  `yaml:"basename"`
+	Content    *string `yaml:"content"` // nil to mark as undefined
+	Source     string  `yaml:"source"`  // file path for source content
+	State      string  `yaml:"state"`   // state: exists/present?, absent, (undefined?)
+	Recurse    bool    `yaml:"recurse"`
+	Force      bool    `yaml:"force"`
+	path       string  // computed path
+	isDir      bool    // computed isDir
+	sha256sum  string
+	recWatcher *recwatch.RecWatcher
+}
+
+// NewFileRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
+func NewFileRes(name, path, dirname, basename string, content *string, source, state string, recurse, force bool) (*FileRes, error) {
+	obj := &FileRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		Path:     path,
+		Dirname:  dirname,
+		Basename: basename,
+		Content:  content,
+		Source:   source,
+		State:    state,
+		Recurse:  recurse,
+		Force:    force,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init runs some startup code for this resource.
+func (obj *FileRes) Init() error {
+	obj.sha256sum = ""
+	if obj.Path == "" { // use the name as the path default if missing
+		obj.Path = obj.BaseRes.Name
+	}
+	obj.path = obj.GetPath()                     // compute once
+	obj.isDir = strings.HasSuffix(obj.path, "/") // dirs have trailing slashes
+
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "File"
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+}
+
+// GetPath returns the actual path to use for this resource. It computes this
+// after analysis of the Path, Dirname and Basename values. Dirs end with slash.
+func (obj *FileRes) GetPath() string {
+	d := util.Dirname(obj.Path)
+	b := util.Basename(obj.Path)
+	if obj.Dirname == "" && obj.Basename == "" {
+		return obj.Path
+	}
+	if obj.Dirname == "" {
+		return d + obj.Basename
+	}
+	if obj.Basename == "" {
+		return obj.Dirname + b
+	}
+	// if obj.dirname != "" && obj.basename != ""
+	return obj.Dirname + obj.Basename
+}
+
+// Validate reports any problems with the struct definition.
+func (obj *FileRes) Validate() error {
+	if obj.Dirname != "" && !strings.HasSuffix(obj.Dirname, "/") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Dirname must end with a slash.")
+	}
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(obj.Basename, "/") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Basename must not start with a slash.")
+	}
+
+	if obj.Content != nil && obj.Source != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Can't specify both Content and Source.")
+	}
+
+	if obj.isDir && obj.Content != nil { // makes no sense
+		return fmt.Errorf("Can't specify Content when creating a Dir.")
+	}
+
+	// XXX: should this specify that we create an empty directory instead?
+	//if obj.Source == "" && obj.isDir {
+	//	return fmt.Errorf("Can't specify an empty source when creating a Dir.")
+	//}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+// This one is a file watcher for files and directories.
+// Modify with caution, it is probably important to write some test cases first!
+// If the Watch returns an error, it means that something has gone wrong, and it
+// must be restarted. On a clean exit it returns nil.
+// FIXME: Also watch the source directory when using obj.Source !!!
+func (obj *FileRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil // TODO: should this be an error?
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	obj.recWatcher, err = recwatch.NewRecWatcher(obj.Path, obj.Recurse)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer obj.recWatcher.Close()
+
+	var send = false // send event?
+	var exit = false
+
+	for {
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Watching: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.Path) // attempting to watch...
+		}
+
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
+		select {
+		case event, ok := <-obj.recWatcher.Events():
+			if !ok { // channel shutdown
+				return nil
+			}
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if err := event.Error; err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Unknown %s[%s] watcher error", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			}
+			if obj.debug { // don't access event.Body if event.Error isn't nil
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Event(%s): %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), event.Body.Name, event.Body.Op)
+			}
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+			//obj.StateOK(false) // dirty // these events don't invalidate state
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+		}
+
+		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// smartPath adds a trailing slash to the path if it is a directory.
+func smartPath(fileInfo os.FileInfo) string {
+	smartPath := fileInfo.Name() // absolute path
+	if fileInfo.IsDir() {
+		smartPath += "/" // add a trailing slash for dirs
+	}
+	return smartPath
+}
+
+// FileInfo is an enhanced variant of the traditional os.FileInfo struct. It can
+// store both the absolute and the relative paths (when built from our ReadDir),
+// and those two paths contain a trailing slash when they refer to a directory.
+type FileInfo struct {
+	os.FileInfo        // embed
+	AbsPath     string // smart variant
+	RelPath     string // smart variant
+}
+
+// ReadDir reads a directory path, and returns a list of enhanced FileInfo's.
+func ReadDir(path string) ([]FileInfo, error) {
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(path, "/") { // dirs have trailing slashes
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Path must be a directory.")
+	}
+	output := []FileInfo{} // my file info
+	fileInfos, err := ioutil.ReadDir(path)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return output, err // return empty list
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, fi := range fileInfos {
+		abs := path + smartPath(fi)
+		rel, err := filepath.Rel(path, abs) // NOTE: calls Clean()
+		if err != nil {                     // shouldn't happen
+			return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "ReadDir: Unhandled error")
+		}
+		if fi.IsDir() {
+			rel += "/" // add a trailing slash for dirs
+		}
+		x := FileInfo{
+			FileInfo: fi,
+			AbsPath:  abs,
+			RelPath:  rel,
+		}
+		output = append(output, x)
+	}
+	return output, nil
+}
+
+// smartMapPaths adds a trailing slash to every path that is a directory. It
+// returns the data as a map where the keys are the smart paths and where the
+// values are the original os.FileInfo entries.
+func mapPaths(fileInfos []FileInfo) map[string]FileInfo {
+	paths := make(map[string]FileInfo)
+	for _, fileInfo := range fileInfos {
+		paths[fileInfo.RelPath] = fileInfo
+	}
+	return paths
+}
+
+// fileCheckApply is the CheckApply operation for a source and destination file.
+// It can accept an io.Reader as the source, which can be a regular file, or it
+// can be a bytes Buffer struct. It can take an input sha256 hash to use instead
+// of computing the source data hash, and it returns the computed value if this
+// function reaches that stage. As usual, it respects the apply action variable,
+// and it symmetry with the main CheckApply function returns checkOK and error.
+func (obj *FileRes) fileCheckApply(apply bool, src io.ReadSeeker, dst string, sha256sum string) (string, bool, error) {
+	// TODO: does it make sense to switch dst to an io.Writer ?
+	// TODO: use obj.Force when dealing with symlinks and other file types!
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("fileCheckApply: %s -> %s", src, dst)
+	}
+
+	srcFile, isFile := src.(*os.File)
+	_, isBytes := src.(*bytes.Reader) // supports seeking!
+	if !isFile && !isBytes {
+		return "", false, fmt.Errorf("Can't open src as either file or buffer!")
+	}
+
+	var srcStat os.FileInfo
+	if isFile {
+		var err error
+		srcStat, err = srcFile.Stat()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		// TODO: deal with symlinks
+		if !srcStat.Mode().IsRegular() { // can't copy non-regular files or dirs
+			return "", false, fmt.Errorf("Non-regular src file: %s (%q)", srcStat.Name(), srcStat.Mode())
+		}
+	}
+
+	dstFile, err := os.Open(dst)
+	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) { // ignore ErrNotExist errors
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	dstClose := func() error {
+		return dstFile.Close() // calling this twice is safe :)
+	}
+	defer dstClose()
+	dstExists := !os.IsNotExist(err)
+
+	dstStat, err := dstFile.Stat()
+	if err != nil && dstExists {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+
+	if dstExists && dstStat.IsDir() { // oops, dst is a dir, and we want a file...
+		if !apply {
+			return "", false, nil
+		}
+		if !obj.Force {
+			return "", false, fmt.Errorf("Can't force dir into file: %s", dst)
+		}
+
+		cleanDst := path.Clean(dst)
+		if cleanDst == "" || cleanDst == "/" {
+			return "", false, fmt.Errorf("Don't want to remove root!") // safety
+		}
+		// FIXME: respect obj.Recurse here...
+		// there is a dir here, where we want a file...
+		log.Printf("fileCheckApply: Removing (force): %s", cleanDst)
+		if err := os.RemoveAll(cleanDst); err != nil { // dangerous ;)
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		dstExists = false // now it's gone!
+
+	} else if err == nil {
+		if !dstStat.Mode().IsRegular() {
+			return "", false, fmt.Errorf("Non-regular dst file: %s (%q)", dstStat.Name(), dstStat.Mode())
+		}
+		if isFile && os.SameFile(srcStat, dstStat) { // same inode, we're done!
+			return "", true, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if dstExists { // if dst doesn't exist, no need to compare hashes
+		// hash comparison (efficient because we can cache hash of content str)
+		if sha256sum == "" { // cache is invalid
+			hash := sha256.New()
+			// TODO: file existence test?
+			if _, err := io.Copy(hash, src); err != nil {
+				return "", false, err
+			}
+			sha256sum = hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil))
+			// since we re-use this src handler below, it is
+			// *critical* to seek to 0, or we'll copy nothing!
+			if n, err := src.Seek(0, 0); err != nil || n != 0 {
+				return sha256sum, false, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// dst hash
+		hash := sha256.New()
+		if _, err := io.Copy(hash, dstFile); err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		if h := hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil)); h == sha256sum {
+			return sha256sum, true, nil // same!
+		}
+	}
+
+	// state is not okay, no work done, exit, but without error
+	if !apply {
+		return sha256sum, false, nil
+	}
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("fileCheckApply: Apply: %s -> %s", src, dst)
+	}
+
+	dstClose() // unlock file usage so we can write to it
+	dstFile, err = os.Create(dst)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sha256sum, false, err
+	}
+	defer dstFile.Close() // TODO: is this redundant because of the earlier defered Close() ?
+
+	if isFile { // set mode because it's a new file
+		if err := dstFile.Chmod(srcStat.Mode()); err != nil {
+			return sha256sum, false, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// TODO: attempt to reflink with Splice() and int(file.Fd()) as input...
+	// syscall.Splice(rfd int, roff *int64, wfd int, woff *int64, len int, flags int) (n int64, err error)
+
+	// TODO: should we offer a way to cancel the copy on ^C ?
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("fileCheckApply: Copy: %s -> %s", src, dst)
+	}
+	if n, err := io.Copy(dstFile, src); err != nil {
+		return sha256sum, false, err
+	} else if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("fileCheckApply: Copied: %v", n)
+	}
+	return sha256sum, false, dstFile.Sync()
+}
+
+// syncCheckApply is the CheckApply operation for a source and destination dir.
+// It is recursive and can create directories directly, and files via the usual
+// fileCheckApply method. It returns checkOK and error as is normally expected.
+func (obj *FileRes) syncCheckApply(apply bool, src, dst string) (bool, error) {
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("syncCheckApply: %s -> %s", src, dst)
+	}
+	if src == "" || dst == "" {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("The src and dst must not be empty!")
+	}
+
+	var checkOK = true
+	// TODO: handle ./ cases or ../ cases that need cleaning ?
+
+	srcIsDir := strings.HasSuffix(src, "/")
+	dstIsDir := strings.HasSuffix(dst, "/")
+
+	if srcIsDir != dstIsDir {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("The src and dst must be both either files or directories.")
+	}
+
+	if !srcIsDir && !dstIsDir {
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("syncCheckApply: %s -> %s", src, dst)
+		}
+		fin, err := os.Open(src)
+		if err != nil {
+			if obj.debug && os.IsNotExist(err) { // if we get passed an empty src
+				log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Missing src: %s", src)
+			}
+			return false, err
+		}
+
+		_, checkOK, err := obj.fileCheckApply(apply, fin, dst, "")
+		if err != nil {
+			fin.Close()
+			return false, err
+		}
+		return checkOK, fin.Close()
+	}
+
+	// else: if srcIsDir && dstIsDir
+	srcFiles, err := ReadDir(src)          // if src does not exist...
+	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) { // an empty map comes out below!
+		return false, err
+	}
+	dstFiles, err := ReadDir(dst)
+	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	//log.Printf("syncCheckApply: srcFiles: %v", srcFiles)
+	//log.Printf("syncCheckApply: dstFiles: %v", dstFiles)
+	smartSrc := mapPaths(srcFiles)
+	smartDst := mapPaths(dstFiles)
+
+	for relPath, fileInfo := range smartSrc {
+		absSrc := fileInfo.AbsPath // absolute path
+		absDst := dst + relPath    // absolute dest
+
+		if _, exists := smartDst[relPath]; !exists {
+			if fileInfo.IsDir() {
+				if !apply { // only checking and not identical!
+					return false, nil
+				}
+
+				// file exists, but we want a dir: we need force
+				// we check for the file w/o the smart dir slash
+				relPathFile := strings.TrimSuffix(relPath, "/")
+				if _, ok := smartDst[relPathFile]; ok {
+					absCleanDst := path.Clean(absDst)
+					if !obj.Force {
+						return false, fmt.Errorf("Can't force file into dir: %s", absCleanDst)
+					}
+					if absCleanDst == "" || absCleanDst == "/" {
+						return false, fmt.Errorf("Don't want to remove root!") // safety
+					}
+					log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Removing (force): %s", absCleanDst)
+					if err := os.Remove(absCleanDst); err != nil {
+						return false, err
+					}
+					delete(smartDst, relPathFile) // rm from purge list
+				}
+
+				if obj.debug {
+					log.Printf("syncCheckApply: mkdir -m %s '%s'", fileInfo.Mode(), absDst)
+				}
+				if err := os.Mkdir(absDst, fileInfo.Mode()); err != nil {
+					return false, err
+				}
+				checkOK = false // we did some work
+			}
+			// if we're a regular file, the recurse will create it
+		}
+
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Recurse: %s -> %s", absSrc, absDst)
+		}
+		if obj.Recurse {
+			if c, err := obj.syncCheckApply(apply, absSrc, absDst); err != nil { // recurse
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "syncCheckApply: Recurse failed")
+			} else if !c { // don't let subsequent passes make this true
+				checkOK = false
+			}
+		}
+		if !apply && !checkOK { // check failed, and no apply to do, so exit!
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		delete(smartDst, relPath) // rm from purge list
+	}
+
+	if !apply && len(smartDst) > 0 { // we know there are files to remove!
+		return false, nil // so just exit now
+	}
+	// any files that now remain in smartDst need to be removed...
+	for relPath, fileInfo := range smartDst {
+		absSrc := src + relPath    // absolute dest (should not exist!)
+		absDst := fileInfo.AbsPath // absolute path (should get removed)
+		absCleanDst := path.Clean(absDst)
+		if absCleanDst == "" || absCleanDst == "/" {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("Don't want to remove root!") // safety
+		}
+
+		// FIXME: respect obj.Recurse here...
+
+		// NOTE: we could use os.RemoveAll instead of recursing, but I
+		// think the symmetry is more elegant and correct here for now
+		// Avoiding this is also useful if we had a recurse limit arg!
+		if true { // switch
+			log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Removing: %s", absCleanDst)
+			if apply {
+				if err := os.RemoveAll(absCleanDst); err != nil { // dangerous ;)
+					return false, err
+				}
+				checkOK = false
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		_ = absSrc
+		//log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Recurse rm: %s -> %s", absSrc, absDst)
+		//if c, err := obj.syncCheckApply(apply, absSrc, absDst); err != nil {
+		//	return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "syncCheckApply: Recurse rm failed")
+		//} else if !c { // don't let subsequent passes make this true
+		//	checkOK = false
+		//}
+		//log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Removing: %s", absCleanDst)
+		//if apply { // safety
+		//	if err := os.Remove(absCleanDst); err != nil {
+		//		return false, err
+		//	}
+		//	checkOK = false
+		//}
+	}
+
+	return checkOK, nil
+}
+
+// contentCheckApply performs a CheckApply for the file existence and content.
+func (obj *FileRes) contentCheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, _ error) {
+	log.Printf("%s[%s]: contentCheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
+
+	if obj.State == "absent" {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(obj.path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			// no such file or directory, but
+			// file should be missing, phew :)
+			return true, nil
+
+		} else if err != nil { // what could this error be?
+			return false, err
+		}
+
+		// state is not okay, no work done, exit, but without error
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+
+		// apply portion
+		if obj.path == "" || obj.path == "/" {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("Don't want to remove root!") // safety
+		}
+		log.Printf("contentCheckApply: Removing: %s", obj.path)
+		// FIXME: respect obj.Recurse here...
+		// TODO: add recurse limit here
+		err := os.RemoveAll(obj.path) // dangerous ;)
+		return false, err             // either nil or not
+	}
+
+	// content is not defined, leave it alone...
+	if obj.Content == nil {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	if obj.Source == "" { // do the obj.Content checks first...
+		if obj.isDir { // TODO: should we create an empty dir this way?
+			log.Fatal("XXX: Not implemented!") // XXX
+		}
+
+		bufferSrc := bytes.NewReader([]byte(*obj.Content))
+		sha256sum, checkOK, err := obj.fileCheckApply(apply, bufferSrc, obj.path, obj.sha256sum)
+		if sha256sum != "" { // empty values mean errored or didn't hash
+			// this can be valid even when the whole function errors
+			obj.sha256sum = sha256sum // cache value
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		// if no err, but !ok, then...
+		return checkOK, nil // success
+	}
+
+	checkOK, err := obj.syncCheckApply(apply, obj.Source, obj.path)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("syncCheckApply: Error: %v", err)
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	return checkOK, nil
+}
+
+// CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
+// input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
+func (obj *FileRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, _ error) {
+
+	// NOTE: all send/recv change notifications *must* be processed before
+	// there is a possibility of failure in CheckApply. This is because if
+	// we fail (and possibly run again) the subsequent send->recv transfer
+	// might not have a new value to copy, and therefore we won't see this
+	// notification of change. Therefore, it is important to process these
+	// promptly, if they must not be lost, such as for cache invalidation.
+	if val, exists := obj.Recv["Content"]; exists && val.Changed {
+		// if we received on Content, and it changed, invalidate the cache!
+		log.Printf("contentCheckApply: Invalidating sha256sum of `Content`")
+		obj.sha256sum = "" // invalidate!!
+	}
+
+	checkOK = true
+
+	if c, err := obj.contentCheckApply(apply); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	} else if !c {
+		checkOK = false
+	}
+
+	// TODO
+	//if c, err := obj.chmodCheckApply(apply); err != nil {
+	//	return false, err
+	//} else if !c {
+	//	checkOK = false
+	//}
+
+	// TODO
+	//if c, err := obj.chownCheckApply(apply); err != nil {
+	//	return false, err
+	//} else if !c {
+	//	checkOK = false
+	//}
+
+	return checkOK, nil // w00t
+}
+
+// FileUID is the UID struct for FileRes.
+type FileUID struct {
+	BaseUID
+	path string
+}
+
+// IFF aka if and only if they are equivalent, return true. If not, false.
+func (obj *FileUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*FileUID)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return obj.path == res.path
+}
+
+// FileResAutoEdges holds the state of the auto edge generator.
+type FileResAutoEdges struct {
+	data    []ResUID
+	pointer int
+	found   bool
+}
+
+// Next returns the next automatic edge.
+func (obj *FileResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUID {
+	if obj.found {
+		log.Fatal("Shouldn't be called anymore!")
+	}
+	if len(obj.data) == 0 { // check length for rare scenarios
+		return nil
+	}
+	value := obj.data[obj.pointer]
+	obj.pointer++
+	return []ResUID{value} // we return one, even though api supports N
+}
+
+// Test gets results of the earlier Next() call, & returns if we should continue!
+func (obj *FileResAutoEdges) Test(input []bool) bool {
+	// if there aren't any more remaining
+	if len(obj.data) <= obj.pointer {
+		return false
+	}
+	if obj.found { // already found, done!
+		return false
+	}
+	if len(input) != 1 { // in case we get given bad data
+		log.Fatal("Expecting a single value!")
+	}
+	if input[0] { // if a match is found, we're done!
+		obj.found = true // no more to find!
+		return false
+	}
+	return true // keep going
+}
+
+// AutoEdges generates a simple linear sequence of each parent directory from
+// the bottom up!
+func (obj *FileRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	var data []ResUID                              // store linear result chain here...
+	values := util.PathSplitFullReversed(obj.path) // build it
+	_, values = values[0], values[1:]              // get rid of first value which is me!
+	for _, x := range values {
+		var reversed = true // cheat by passing a pointer
+		data = append(data, &FileUID{
+			BaseUID: BaseUID{
+				name:     obj.GetName(),
+				kind:     obj.Kind(),
+				reversed: &reversed,
+			},
+			path: x, // what matters
+		}) // build list
+	}
+	return &FileResAutoEdges{
+		data:    data,
+		pointer: 0,
+		found:   false,
+	}
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
+func (obj *FileRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &FileUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		path:    obj.path,
+	}
+	return []ResUID{x}
+}
+
+// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
+func (obj *FileRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
+	_, ok := r.(*FileRes)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// TODO: we might be able to group directory children into a single
+	// recursive watcher in the future, thus saving fanotify watches
+	return false // not possible atm
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
+func (obj *FileRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res.(type) {
+	case *FileRes:
+		res := res.(*FileRes)
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) { // call base Compare
+			return false
+		}
+
+		if obj.Name != res.Name {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.path != res.Path {
+			return false
+		}
+		if (obj.Content == nil) != (res.Content == nil) { // xor
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Content != nil && res.Content != nil {
+			if *obj.Content != *res.Content { // compare the strings
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		if obj.Source != res.Source {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.State != res.State {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Recurse != res.Recurse {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Force != res.Force {
+			return false
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// CollectPattern applies the pattern for collection resources.
+func (obj *FileRes) CollectPattern(pattern string) {
+	// XXX: currently the pattern for files can only override the Dirname variable :P
+	obj.Dirname = pattern // XXX: simplistic for now
+}
--- a/resources/hostname.go
+++ b/resources/hostname.go
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// ErrResourceInsufficientParameters is returned when the configuration of the resource
+// is insufficient for the resource to do any useful work.
+var ErrResourceInsufficientParameters = errors.New(
+	"Insufficient parameters for this resource")
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&HostnameRes{})
+}
+
+const (
+	hostname1Path  = "/org/freedesktop/hostname1"
+	hostname1Iface = "org.freedesktop.hostname1"
+	dbusAddMatch   = "org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch"
+)
+
+// HostnameRes is a resource that allows setting and watching the hostname.
+//
+// StaticHostname is the one configured in /etc/hostname or a similar file.
+// It is chosen by the local user. It is not always in sync with the current
+// host name as returned by the gethostname() system call.
+//
+// TransientHostname is the one configured via the kernel's sethostbyname().
+// It can be different from the static hostname in case DHCP or mDNS have been
+// configured to change the name based on network information.
+//
+// PrettyHostname is a free-form UTF8 host name for presentation to the user.
+//
+// Hostname is the fallback value for all 3 fields above, if only Hostname is
+// specified, it will set all 3 fields to this value.
+type HostnameRes struct {
+	BaseRes           `yaml:",inline"`
+	Hostname          string `yaml:"hostname"`
+	PrettyHostname    string `yaml:"pretty_hostname"`
+	StaticHostname    string `yaml:"static_hostname"`
+	TransientHostname string `yaml:"transient_hostname"`
+
+	conn *dbus.Conn
+}
+
+// NewHostnameRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
+func NewHostnameRes(name, staticHostname, transientHostname, prettyHostname string) (*HostnameRes, error) {
+	obj := &HostnameRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		PrettyHostname:    prettyHostname,
+		StaticHostname:    staticHostname,
+		TransientHostname: transientHostname,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init runs some startup code for this resource.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) Init() error {
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Hostname"
+	if obj.PrettyHostname == "" {
+		obj.PrettyHostname = obj.Hostname
+	}
+	if obj.StaticHostname == "" {
+		obj.StaticHostname = obj.Hostname
+	}
+	if obj.TransientHostname == "" {
+		obj.TransientHostname = obj.Hostname
+	}
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+}
+
+// Validate if the params passed in are valid data.
+// FIXME: where should this get called ?
+func (obj *HostnameRes) Validate() error {
+	if obj.PrettyHostname == "" && obj.StaticHostname == "" && obj.TransientHostname == "" {
+		return ErrResourceInsufficientParameters
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil // TODO: should this be an error?
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	// if we share the bus with others, we will get each others messages!!
+	bus, err := util.SystemBusPrivateUsable() // don't share the bus connection!
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrap(err, "Failed to connect to bus")
+	}
+	defer bus.Close()
+	callResult := bus.BusObject().Call(
+		"org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch", 0,
+		fmt.Sprintf("type='signal',path='%s',interface='org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties',member='PropertiesChanged'", hostname1Path))
+	if callResult.Err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrap(callResult.Err, "Failed to subscribe to DBus events for hostname1")
+	}
+
+	signals := make(chan *dbus.Signal, 10) // closed by dbus package
+	bus.Signal(signals)
+
+	var send = false // send event?
+
+	for {
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
+		select {
+		case <-signals:
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			// we avoid sending events on unpause
+			if exit, _ := obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+		}
+
+		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func updateHostnameProperty(object dbus.BusObject, expectedValue, property, setterName string, apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+	propertyObject, err := object.GetProperty("org.freedesktop.hostname1." + property)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "failed to get org.freedesktop.hostname1.%s", property)
+	}
+	if propertyObject.Value() == nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Errorf("Unexpected nil value received when reading property %s", property)
+	}
+
+	propertyValue, ok := propertyObject.Value().(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Received unexpected type as %s value, expected string got '%T'", property, propertyValue)
+	}
+
+	// expected value and actual value match => checkOk
+	if propertyValue == expectedValue {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	// nothing to do anymore
+	if !apply {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	// attempting to apply the changes
+	log.Printf("Changing %s: %s => %s", property, propertyValue, expectedValue)
+	if err := object.Call("org.freedesktop.hostname1."+setterName, 0, expectedValue, false).Err; err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "failed to call org.freedesktop.hostname1.%s", setterName)
+	}
+
+	// all good changes should now be applied again
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// CheckApply method for Hostname resource.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+	conn, err := util.SystemBusPrivateUsable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrap(err, "Failed to connect to the private system bus")
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	hostnameObject := conn.Object(hostname1Iface, hostname1Path)
+
+	checkOK = true
+	if obj.PrettyHostname != "" {
+		propertyCheckOK, err := updateHostnameProperty(hostnameObject, obj.PrettyHostname, "PrettyHostname", "SetPrettyHostname", apply)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		checkOK = checkOK && propertyCheckOK
+	}
+	if obj.StaticHostname != "" {
+		propertyCheckOK, err := updateHostnameProperty(hostnameObject, obj.StaticHostname, "StaticHostname", "SetStaticHostname", apply)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		checkOK = checkOK && propertyCheckOK
+	}
+	if obj.TransientHostname != "" {
+		propertyCheckOK, err := updateHostnameProperty(hostnameObject, obj.TransientHostname, "Hostname", "SetHostname", apply)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		checkOK = checkOK && propertyCheckOK
+	}
+
+	return checkOK, nil
+}
+
+// HostnameUID is the UID struct for HostnameRes.
+type HostnameUID struct {
+	BaseUID
+	name              string
+	prettyHostname    string
+	staticHostname    string
+	transientHostname string
+}
+
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &HostnameUID{
+		BaseUID:           BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:              obj.Name,
+		prettyHostname:    obj.PrettyHostname,
+		staticHostname:    obj.StaticHostname,
+		transientHostname: obj.TransientHostname,
+	}
+	return []ResUID{x}
+}
+
+// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
+func (obj *HostnameRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res := res.(type) {
+	// we can only compare HostnameRes to others of the same resource
+	case *HostnameRes:
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) { // call base Compare
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Name != res.Name {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.PrettyHostname != res.PrettyHostname {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.StaticHostname != res.StaticHostname {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.TransientHostname != res.TransientHostname {
+			return false
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
--- a/resources/msg.go
+++ b/resources/msg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+
+	"github.com/coreos/go-systemd/journal"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&MsgRes{})
+}
+
+// MsgRes is a resource that writes messages to logs.
+type MsgRes struct {
+	BaseRes        `yaml:",inline"`
+	Body           string            `yaml:"body"`
+	Priority       string            `yaml:"priority"`
+	Fields         map[string]string `yaml:"fields"`
+	Journal        bool              `yaml:"journal"` // enable systemd journal output
+	Syslog         bool              `yaml:"syslog"`  // enable syslog output
+	logStateOK     bool
+	journalStateOK bool
+	syslogStateOK  bool
+}
+
+// MsgUID is a unique representation for a MsgRes object.
+type MsgUID struct {
+	BaseUID
+	body string
+}
+
+// NewMsgRes is a constructor for this resource.
+func NewMsgRes(name, body, priority string, journal, syslog bool, fields map[string]string) (*MsgRes, error) {
+	message := name
+	if body != "" {
+		message = body
+	}
+
+	obj := &MsgRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		Body:     message,
+		Priority: priority,
+		Fields:   fields,
+		Journal:  journal,
+		Syslog:   syslog,
+	}
+
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init runs some startup code for this resource.
+func (obj *MsgRes) Init() error {
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Msg"
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overrriding
+}
+
+// Validate the params that are passed to MsgRes
+func (obj *MsgRes) Validate() error {
+	invalidCharacters := regexp.MustCompile("[^a-zA-Z0-9_]")
+	for field := range obj.Fields {
+		if invalidCharacters.FindString(field) != "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid character in field %s.", field)
+		}
+		if strings.HasPrefix(field, "_") {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Fields cannot begin with _.")
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isAllStateOK derives a compound state from all internal cache flags that apply to this resource.
+func (obj *MsgRes) isAllStateOK() bool {
+	if obj.Journal && !obj.journalStateOK {
+		return false
+	}
+	if obj.Syslog && !obj.syslogStateOK {
+		return false
+	}
+	return obj.logStateOK
+}
+
+// updateStateOK sets the global state so it can be read by the engine.
+func (obj *MsgRes) updateStateOK() {
+	obj.StateOK(obj.isAllStateOK())
+}
+
+// JournalPriority converts a string description to a numeric priority.
+// XXX: Have Validate() make sure it actually is one of these.
+func (obj *MsgRes) journalPriority() journal.Priority {
+	switch obj.Priority {
+	case "Emerg":
+		return journal.PriEmerg
+	case "Alert":
+		return journal.PriAlert
+	case "Crit":
+		return journal.PriCrit
+	case "Err":
+		return journal.PriErr
+	case "Warning":
+		return journal.PriWarning
+	case "Notice":
+		return journal.PriNotice
+	case "Info":
+		return journal.PriInfo
+	case "Debug":
+		return journal.PriDebug
+	}
+	return journal.PriNotice
+}
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+func (obj *MsgRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	var send = false // send event?
+	var exit = false
+	for {
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
+		select {
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			// we avoid sending events on unpause
+			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+		}
+
+		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+			// only do this on certain types of events
+			//obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// CheckApply method for Msg resource.
+// Every check leads to an apply, meaning that the message is flushed to the journal.
+func (obj *MsgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (bool, error) {
+
+	// isStateOK() done by engine, so we updateStateOK() to pass in value
+	//if obj.isAllStateOK() {
+	//	return true, nil
+	//}
+
+	if obj.Refresh() { // if we were notified...
+		// invalidate cached state...
+		obj.logStateOK = false
+		if obj.Journal {
+			obj.journalStateOK = false
+		}
+		if obj.Syslog {
+			obj.syslogStateOK = false
+		}
+		obj.updateStateOK()
+	}
+
+	if !obj.logStateOK {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Body: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.Body)
+		obj.logStateOK = true
+		obj.updateStateOK()
+	}
+
+	if !apply {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	if obj.Journal && !obj.journalStateOK {
+		if err := journal.Send(obj.Body, obj.journalPriority(), obj.Fields); err != nil {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		obj.journalStateOK = true
+		obj.updateStateOK()
+	}
+	if obj.Syslog && !obj.syslogStateOK {
+		// TODO: implement syslog client
+		obj.syslogStateOK = true
+		obj.updateStateOK()
+	}
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
+func (obj *MsgRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &MsgUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{
+			name: obj.GetName(),
+			kind: obj.Kind(),
+		},
+		body: obj.Body,
+	}
+	return []ResUID{x}
+}
+
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdges. In this case none are used.
+func (obj *MsgRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
+func (obj *MsgRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res.(type) {
+	case *MsgRes:
+		res := res.(*MsgRes)
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Body != res.Body {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Priority != res.Priority {
+			return false
+		}
+		if len(obj.Fields) != len(res.Fields) {
+			return false
+		}
+		for field, value := range obj.Fields {
+			if res.Fields[field] != value {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
--- a/resources/noop.go
+++ b/resources/noop.go
@@ -15,11 +15,14 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package resources

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -33,93 +36,106 @@ type NoopRes struct {
 }

 // NewNoopRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewNoopRes(name string) *NoopRes {
+func NewNoopRes(name string) (*NoopRes, error) {
 	obj := &NoopRes{
 		BaseRes: BaseRes{
 			Name: name,
 		},
 		Comment: "",
 	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
+	return obj, obj.Init()
 }

 // Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *NoopRes) Init() {
+func (obj *NoopRes) Init() error {
 	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Noop"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
 }

-// validate if the params passed in are valid data
+// Validate if the params passed in are valid data.
 // FIXME: where should this get called ?
-func (obj *NoopRes) Validate() bool {
-	return true
+func (obj *NoopRes) Validate() error {
+	return nil
 }

 // Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
-func (obj *NoopRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
+func (obj *NoopRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
 	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
+		return nil // TODO: should this be an error?
 	}
 	obj.SetWatching(true)
 	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}

 	var send = false // send event?
 	var exit = false
 	for {
-		obj.SetState(resStateWatching) // reset
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
 		select {
-		case event := <-obj.events:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
 			// we avoid sending events on unpause
 			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-				return // exit
+				return nil // exit
 			}

-		case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-			cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
 		}

 		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
 		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
 			send = false
-			// only do this on certain types of events
-			//obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "", true} // trigger process
-			resp.ACKWait()                                 // wait for the ACK()
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }

 // CheckApply method for Noop resource. Does nothing, returns happy!
-func (obj *NoopRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
+func (obj *NoopRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+	if obj.Refresh() {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Received a notification!", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
 	return true, nil // state is always okay
 }

-// NoopUUID is the UUID struct for NoopRes.
-type NoopUUID struct {
-	BaseUUID
+// NoopUID is the UID struct for NoopRes.
+type NoopUID struct {
+	BaseUID
 	name string
 }

-// The AutoEdges method returns the AutoEdges. In this case none are used.
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
 func (obj *NoopRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
 	return nil
 }

-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
 // Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *NoopRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &NoopUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
-		name:     obj.Name,
+func (obj *NoopRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &NoopUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:    obj.Name,
 	}
-	return []ResUUID{x}
+	return []ResUID{x}
 }

 // GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
--- a/resources/nspawn.go
+++ b/resources/nspawn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	systemdUtil "github.com/coreos/go-systemd/util"
+	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+	machined "github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd/machine1"
+)
+
+const (
+	running           = "running"
+	stopped           = "stopped"
+	dbusInterface     = "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager"
+	machineNew        = "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager.MachineNew"
+	machineRemoved    = "org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager.MachineRemoved"
+	nspawnServiceTmpl = "systemd-nspawn@%s"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&NspawnRes{})
+}
+
+// NspawnRes is an nspawn container resource
+type NspawnRes struct {
+	BaseRes `yaml:",inline"`
+	State   string `yaml:"state"`
+	// we're using the svc resource to start the machine because that's
+	// what machinectl does. We're not using svc.Watch because then we
+	// would have two watches potentially racing each other and producing
+	// potentially unexpected results. We get everything we need to
+	// monitor the machine state changes from the org.freedesktop.machine1 object.
+	svc *SvcRes
+}
+
+// Init runs some startup code for this resource
+func (obj *NspawnRes) Init() error {
+	var serviceName = fmt.Sprintf(nspawnServiceTmpl, obj.GetName())
+	obj.svc = &SvcRes{}
+	obj.svc.Name = serviceName
+	obj.svc.State = obj.State
+	if err := obj.svc.Init(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Nspawn"
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init()
+}
+
+// NewNspawnRes is the constructor for this resource
+func NewNspawnRes(name string, state string) (*NspawnRes, error) {
+	obj := &NspawnRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		State: state,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Validate params
+func (obj *NspawnRes) Validate() error {
+	validStates := map[string]struct{}{
+		stopped: {},
+		running: {},
+	}
+	if _, exists := validStates[obj.State]; !exists {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid State: %s", obj.State)
+	}
+	return obj.svc.Validate()
+}
+
+// Watch for state changes and sends a message to the bus if there is a change
+func (obj *NspawnRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+		}
+		// 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	// this resource depends on systemd ensure that it's running
+	if !systemdUtil.IsRunningSystemd() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Systemd is not running.")
+	}
+
+	// create a private message bus
+	bus, err := util.SystemBusPrivateUsable()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to connect to bus")
+	}
+
+	// add a match rule to match messages going through the message bus
+	call := bus.BusObject().Call("org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch", 0,
+		fmt.Sprintf("type='signal',interface='%s',eavesdrop='true'",
+			dbusInterface))
+	// <-call.Done
+	if err := call.Err; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	buschan := make(chan *dbus.Signal, 10)
+	bus.Signal(buschan)
+
+	var send = false
+	var exit = false
+
+	for {
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching)
+		select {
+		case event := <-buschan:
+			// process org.freedesktop.machine1 events for this resource's name
+			if event.Body[0] == obj.GetName() {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Event received: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), event.Name)
+				if event.Name == machineNew {
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: Machine started", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+				} else if event.Name == machineRemoved {
+					log.Printf("%s[%s]: Machine stopped", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+				} else {
+					return fmt.Errorf("Unknown event: %s", event.Name)
+				}
+				send = true
+				obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+			}
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+		}
+
+		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// CheckApply is run to check the state and, if apply is true, to apply the
+// necessary changes to reach the desired state. this is run before Watch and
+// again if watch finds a change occurring to the state
+func (obj *NspawnRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+	// this resource depends on systemd ensure that it's running
+	if !systemdUtil.IsRunningSystemd() {
+		return false, errors.New("Systemd is not running.")
+	}
+
+	// connect to org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager
+	conn, err := machined.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to connect to dbus")
+	}
+
+	// compare the current state with the desired state and perform the
+	// appropriate action
+	var exists = true
+	properties, err := conn.GetProperties(obj.GetName())
+	if err != nil {
+		if err, ok := err.(dbus.Error); ok && err.Name !=
+			"org.freedesktop.machine1.NoSuchMachine" {
+			return false, err
+		}
+		exists = false
+		// if we could not successfully get the properties because
+		// there's no such machine the machine is stopped
+		// error if we need the image ignore if we don't
+		if _, err = conn.GetImage(obj.GetName()); err != nil && obj.State != stopped {
+			return false, fmt.Errorf(
+				"No machine nor image named '%s'",
+				obj.GetName())
+		}
+	}
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: properties: %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), properties)
+	}
+	// if the machine doesn't exist and is supposed to
+	// be stopped or the state matches we're done
+	if !exists && obj.State == stopped || properties["State"] == obj.State {
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply() in valid state", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		}
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
+	// end of state checking. if we're here, checkOK is false
+	if !apply {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: CheckApply() applying '%s' state", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.State)
+	}
+
+	if obj.State == running {
+		// start the machine using svc resource
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Starting machine", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		// assume state had to be changed at this point, ignore checkOK
+		if _, err := obj.svc.CheckApply(apply); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Nested svc failed")
+		}
+	}
+	if obj.State == stopped {
+		// terminate the machine with
+		// org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager.KillMachine
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Stopping machine", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		if err := conn.TerminateMachine(obj.GetName()); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to stop machine")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// NspawnUID is a unique resource identifier
+type NspawnUID struct {
+	// NOTE: there is also a name variable in the BaseUID struct, this is
+	// information about where this UID came from, and is unrelated to the
+	// information about the resource we're matching. That data which is
+	// used in the IFF function, is what you see in the struct fields here
+	BaseUID
+	name string // the machine name
+}
+
+// IFF aka if and only if they are equivalent, return true. If not, false
+func (obj *NspawnUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*NspawnUID)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return obj.name == res.name
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object
+// most resources only return one although some resources can return multiple
+func (obj *NspawnRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &NspawnUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:    obj.Name, // svc name
+	}
+	return append([]ResUID{x}, obj.svc.GetUIDs()...)
+}
+
+// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not
+func (obj *NspawnRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
+	_, ok := r.(*NspawnRes)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	// TODO: this would be quite useful for this resource!
+	return false
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent
+func (obj *NspawnRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res.(type) {
+	case *NspawnRes:
+		res := res.(*NspawnRes)
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Name != res.Name {
+			return false
+		}
+		if !obj.svc.Compare(res.svc) {
+			return false
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface in this case no autoedges are used
+func (obj *NspawnRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	return nil
+}
--- a/resources/packagekit/packagekit.go
+++ b/resources/packagekit/packagekit.go
@@ -15,17 +15,20 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-// DOCS: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/PackageKit/gtk-doc/index.html
-
-//package packagekit // TODO
-package main
+// Package packagekit provides an interface to interact with packagekit.
+// See: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/PackageKit/gtk-doc/index.html for
+// more information.
+package packagekit

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
 	"log"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
 )

 // global tweaks of verbosity and code path
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ type PkPackageIDActionData struct {
 // NewBus returns a new bus connection.
 func NewBus() *Conn {
 	// if we share the bus with others, we will get each others messages!!
-	bus, err := SystemBusPrivateUsable() // don't share the bus connection!
+	bus, err := util.SystemBusPrivateUsable() // don't share the bus connection!
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -422,7 +425,7 @@ loop:
 			} else {
 				return fmt.Errorf("PackageKit: Error: %v", signal.Body)
 			}
-		case <-TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
+		case <-util.TimeAfterOrBlock(timeout):
 			if finished {
 				log.Println("PackageKit: Timeout: InstallPackages: Waiting for 'Destroy'")
 				return nil // got tired of waiting for Destroy
--- a/resources/password.go
+++ b/resources/password.go
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"math/big"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/recwatch"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&PasswordRes{})
+}
+
+const (
+	alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+	newline  = "\n" // something not in alphabet that TrimSpace can trim
+)
+
+// PasswordRes is a no-op resource that returns a random password string.
+type PasswordRes struct {
+	BaseRes `yaml:",inline"`
+	// FIXME: is uint16 too big?
+	Length        uint16  `yaml:"length"` // number of characters to return
+	Saved         bool    // this caches the password in the clear locally
+	CheckRecovery bool    // recovery from integrity checks by re-generating
+	Password      *string // the generated password, read only, do not set!
+
+	path       string // the path to local storage
+	recWatcher *recwatch.RecWatcher
+}
+
+// NewPasswordRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
+func NewPasswordRes(name string, length uint16) (*PasswordRes, error) {
+	obj := &PasswordRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		Length: length,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init generates a new password for this resource if one was not provided. It
+// will save this into a local file. It will load it back in from previous runs.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) Init() error {
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Password" // must be set before using VarDir
+
+	dir, err := obj.VarDir("")
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not get VarDir in Init()")
+	}
+	obj.path = path.Join(dir, "password") // return a unique file
+
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+}
+
+// Validate if the params passed in are valid data.
+// FIXME: where should this get called ?
+func (obj *PasswordRes) Validate() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (obj *PasswordRes) read() (string, error) {
+	file, err := os.Open(obj.path) // open a handle to read the file
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not read from file")
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(string(data)), nil
+}
+
+func (obj *PasswordRes) write(password string) (int, error) {
+	file, err := os.Create(obj.path) // open a handle to create the file
+	if err != nil {
+		return -1, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create file")
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	var c int
+	if c, err = file.Write([]byte(password + newline)); err != nil {
+		return c, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't write file")
+	}
+	return c, file.Sync()
+}
+
+// generate generates a new password.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) generate() (string, error) {
+	max := len(alphabet) - 1 // last index
+	output := ""
+
+	// FIXME: have someone verify this is cryptographically secure & correct
+	for i := uint16(0); i < obj.Length; i++ {
+		big, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(int64(max)))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not generate password")
+		}
+		ix := big.Int64()
+		output += string(alphabet[ix])
+	}
+
+	if output == "" { // safety against empty passwords
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("password is empty")
+	}
+
+	if uint16(len(output)) != obj.Length { // safety against weird bugs
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("password length is too short") // bug!
+	}
+
+	return output, nil
+}
+
+// check validates a stored password string
+func (obj *PasswordRes) check(value string) error {
+	length := uint16(len(value))
+
+	if !obj.Saved && length == 0 { // expecting an empty string
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !obj.Saved && length != 0 { // should have no stored password
+		return fmt.Errorf("Expected empty token only!")
+	}
+
+	if length != obj.Length {
+		return fmt.Errorf("String length is not %d", obj.Length)
+	}
+Loop:
+	for i := uint16(0); i < length; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < len(alphabet); j++ {
+			if value[i] == alphabet[j] {
+				continue Loop
+			}
+		}
+		// we couldn't find that character, so error!
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid character `%s`", string(value[i]))
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil // TODO: should this be an error?
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	obj.recWatcher, err = recwatch.NewRecWatcher(obj.path, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer obj.recWatcher.Close()
+
+	var send = false // send event?
+	var exit = false
+	for {
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
+		select {
+		// NOTE: this part is very similar to the file resource code
+		case event, ok := <-obj.recWatcher.Events():
+			if !ok { // channel shutdown
+				return nil
+			}
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if err := event.Error; err != nil {
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Unknown %s[%s] watcher error", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			}
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			// we avoid sending events on unpause
+			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+		}
+
+		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// CheckApply method for Password resource. Does nothing, returns happy!
+func (obj *PasswordRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+
+	var refresh = obj.Refresh() // do we have a pending reload to apply?
+	var exists = true           // does the file (aka the token) exist?
+	var generate bool           // do we need to generate a new password?
+	var write bool              // do we need to write out to disk?
+
+	password, err := obj.read() // password might be empty if just a token
+	if err != nil {
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "unknown read error")
+		}
+		exists = false
+	}
+
+	if exists {
+		if err := obj.check(password); err != nil {
+			if !obj.CheckRecovery {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "check failed")
+			}
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Integrity check failed", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			generate = true // okay to build a new one
+			write = true    // make sure to write over the old one
+		}
+	} else { // doesn't exist, write one
+		write = true
+	}
+
+	// if we previously had !obj.Saved, and now we want it, we re-generate!
+	if refresh || !exists || (obj.Saved && password == "") {
+		generate = true
+	}
+
+	// stored password isn't consistent with memory
+	if p := obj.Password; obj.Saved && (p != nil && *p != password) {
+		write = true
+	}
+
+	if !refresh && exists && !generate && !write { // nothing to do, done!
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	// a refresh was requested, the token doesn't exist, or the check failed
+
+	if !apply {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	if generate {
+		// we'll need to write this out...
+		if obj.Saved || (!obj.Saved && password != "") {
+			write = true
+		}
+		// generate the actual password
+		var err error
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Generating new password...", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		if password, err = obj.generate(); err != nil { // generate one!
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not generate password")
+		}
+	}
+
+	obj.Password = &password // save in memory
+
+	var output string // the string to write out
+
+	// if memory value != value on disk, save it
+	if write {
+		if obj.Saved { // save password as clear text
+			// TODO: would it make sense to encrypt this password?
+			output = password
+		}
+		// write either an empty token, or the password
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Writing password token...", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		if _, err := obj.write(output); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't write to file")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// PasswordUID is the UID struct for PasswordRes.
+type PasswordUID struct {
+	BaseUID
+	name string
+}
+
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &PasswordUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:    obj.Name,
+	}
+	return []ResUID{x}
+}
+
+// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
+	_, ok := r.(*PasswordRes)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return false // TODO: this is doable, but probably not very useful
+	// TODO: it could be useful to group our tokens into a single write, and
+	// as a result, we save inotify watches too!
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
+func (obj *PasswordRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res.(type) {
+	// we can only compare PasswordRes to others of the same resource
+	case *PasswordRes:
+		res := res.(*PasswordRes)
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) { // call base Compare
+			return false
+		}
+
+		if obj.Name != res.Name {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Length != res.Length {
+			return false
+		}
+		// TODO: we *could* optimize by allowing CheckApply to move from
+		// saved->!saved, by removing the file, but not likely worth it!
+		if obj.Saved != res.Saved {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.CheckRecovery != res.CheckRecovery {
+			return false
+		}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
--- a/resources/pkg.go
+++ b/resources/pkg.go
@@ -15,16 +15,21 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package resources

 import (
-	//"packagekit" // TODO
 	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"path"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources/packagekit"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -38,12 +43,12 @@ type PkgRes struct {
 	AllowUntrusted   bool   `yaml:"allowuntrusted"`   // allow untrusted packages to be installed?
 	AllowNonFree     bool   `yaml:"allownonfree"`     // allow nonfree packages to be found?
 	AllowUnsupported bool   `yaml:"allowunsupported"` // allow unsupported packages to be found?
-	//bus              *Conn    // pk bus connection
+	//bus              *packagekit.Conn    // pk bus connection
 	fileList []string // FIXME: update if pkg changes
 }

 // NewPkgRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewPkgRes(name, state string, allowuntrusted, allownonfree, allowunsupported bool) *PkgRes {
+func NewPkgRes(name, state string, allowuntrusted, allownonfree, allowunsupported bool) (*PkgRes, error) {
 	obj := &PkgRes{
 		BaseRes: BaseRes{
 			Name: name,
@@ -53,98 +58,102 @@ func NewPkgRes(name, state string, allowuntrusted, allownonfree, allowunsupporte
 		AllowNonFree:     allownonfree,
 		AllowUnsupported: allowunsupported,
 	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
+	return obj, obj.Init()
 }

 // Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *PkgRes) Init() {
+func (obj *PkgRes) Init() error {
 	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Pkg"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+	if err := obj.BaseRes.Init(); err != nil { // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+		return err
+	}

-	bus := NewBus()
+	bus := packagekit.NewBus()
 	if bus == nil {
-		log.Fatal("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
+		return fmt.Errorf("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
 	}
 	defer bus.Close()

 	result, err := obj.pkgMappingHelper(bus)
 	if err != nil {
-		// FIXME: return error?
-		log.Fatalf("The pkgMappingHelper failed with: %v.", err)
-		return
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "The pkgMappingHelper failed")
 	}

 	data, ok := result[obj.Name] // lookup single package (init does just one)
 	// package doesn't exist, this is an error!
 	if !ok || !data.Found {
-		// FIXME: return error?
-		log.Fatalf("Can't find package named '%s'.", obj.Name)
-		return
+		return fmt.Errorf("Can't find package named '%s'.", obj.Name)
 	}

 	packageIDs := []string{data.PackageID} // just one for now
 	filesMap, err := bus.GetFilesByPackageID(packageIDs)
 	if err != nil {
-		// FIXME: return error?
-		log.Fatalf("Can't run GetFilesByPackageID: %v", err)
-		return
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't run GetFilesByPackageID")
 	}
 	if files, ok := filesMap[data.PackageID]; ok {
-		obj.fileList = DirifyFileList(files, false)
+		obj.fileList = util.DirifyFileList(files, false)
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // Validate checks if the resource data structure was populated correctly.
-func (obj *PkgRes) Validate() bool {
+func (obj *PkgRes) Validate() error {
 	if obj.State == "" {
-		return false
+		return fmt.Errorf("State cannot be empty!")
 	}

-	return true
+	return nil
 }

 // Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
 // It uses the PackageKit UpdatesChanged signal to watch for changes.
 // TODO: https://github.com/hughsie/PackageKit/issues/109
 // TODO: https://github.com/hughsie/PackageKit/issues/110
-func (obj *PkgRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
+func (obj *PkgRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
 	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	obj.SetWatching(true)
 	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()

-	bus := NewBus()
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	bus := packagekit.NewBus()
 	if bus == nil {
-		log.Fatal("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
+		return fmt.Errorf("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
 	}
 	defer bus.Close()

 	ch, err := bus.WatchChanges()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Error adding signal match: %v", err)
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Error adding signal match")
 	}

 	var send = false // send event?
 	var exit = false
-	var dirty = false

 	for {
-		if DEBUG {
-			log.Printf("%v: Watching...", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("%s: Watching...", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))
 		}

-		obj.SetState(resStateWatching) // reset
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
 		select {
 		case event := <-ch:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)

 			// FIXME: ask packagekit for info on what packages changed
-			if DEBUG {
-				log.Printf("%v: Event: %v", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()), event.Name)
+			if obj.debug {
+				log.Printf("%s: Event: %v", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()), event.Name)
 			}

 			// since the chan is buffered, remove any supplemental
@@ -154,31 +163,32 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 			}

 			send = true
-			dirty = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty

-		case event := <-obj.events:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
 			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-				return // exit
+				return nil // exit
 			}
-			dirty = false // these events don't invalidate state
+			//obj.StateOK(false) // these events don't invalidate state

-		case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-			cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
 		}

 		// do all our event sending all together to avoid duplicate msgs
 		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
 			send = false
-			// only invalid state on certain types of events
-			if dirty {
-				dirty = false
-				obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
 			}
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "", true} // trigger process
-			resp.ACKWait()                                 // wait for the ACK()
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -201,9 +211,9 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) getNames() []string {
 // pretty print for header values
 func (obj *PkgRes) fmtNames(names []string) string {
 	if len(obj.GetGroup()) > 0 { // grouped elements
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%v[autogroup:(%v)]", obj.Kind(), strings.Join(names, ","))
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s[autogroup:(%v)]", obj.Kind(), strings.Join(names, ","))
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%v[%v]", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s[%s]", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
 }

 func (obj *PkgRes) groupMappingHelper() map[string]string {
@@ -212,7 +222,7 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) groupMappingHelper() map[string]string {
 		for _, x := range g {
 			pkg, ok := x.(*PkgRes) // convert from Res
 			if !ok {
-				log.Fatalf("Grouped member %v is not a %v", x, obj.Kind())
+				log.Fatalf("Grouped member %v is not a %s", x, obj.Kind())
 			}
 			result[pkg.Name] = pkg.State
 		}
@@ -220,69 +230,61 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) groupMappingHelper() map[string]string {
 	return result
 }

-func (obj *PkgRes) pkgMappingHelper(bus *Conn) (map[string]*PkPackageIDActionData, error) {
-	packageMap := obj.groupMappingHelper() // get the grouped values
-	packageMap[obj.Name] = obj.State       // key is pkg name, value is pkg state
-	var filter uint64                      // initializes at the "zero" value of 0
-	filter += PK_FILTER_ENUM_ARCH          // always search in our arch (optional!)
+func (obj *PkgRes) pkgMappingHelper(bus *packagekit.Conn) (map[string]*packagekit.PkPackageIDActionData, error) {
+	packageMap := obj.groupMappingHelper()   // get the grouped values
+	packageMap[obj.Name] = obj.State         // key is pkg name, value is pkg state
+	var filter uint64                        // initializes at the "zero" value of 0
+	filter += packagekit.PK_FILTER_ENUM_ARCH // always search in our arch (optional!)
 	// we're requesting latest version, or to narrow down install choices!
 	if obj.State == "newest" || obj.State == "installed" {
 		// if we add this, we'll still see older packages if installed
 		// this is an optimization, and is *optional*, this logic is
 		// handled inside of PackagesToPackageIDs now automatically!
-		filter += PK_FILTER_ENUM_NEWEST // only search for newest packages
+		filter += packagekit.PK_FILTER_ENUM_NEWEST // only search for newest packages
 	}
 	if !obj.AllowNonFree {
-		filter += PK_FILTER_ENUM_FREE
+		filter += packagekit.PK_FILTER_ENUM_FREE
 	}
 	if !obj.AllowUnsupported {
-		filter += PK_FILTER_ENUM_SUPPORTED
+		filter += packagekit.PK_FILTER_ENUM_SUPPORTED
 	}
-	result, e := bus.PackagesToPackageIDs(packageMap, filter)
-	if e != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't run PackagesToPackageIDs: %v", e)
+	result, err := bus.PackagesToPackageIDs(packageMap, filter)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't run PackagesToPackageIDs")
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }

 // CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
 // input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
-func (obj *PkgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
-	log.Printf("%v: CheckApply(%t)", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()), apply)
+func (obj *PkgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
+	log.Printf("%s: Check", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))

-	if obj.State == "" { // TODO: Validate() should replace this check!
-		log.Fatalf("%v: Package state is undefined!", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))
-	}
-
-	if obj.isStateOK { // cache the state
-		return true, nil
-	}
-
-	bus := NewBus()
+	bus := packagekit.NewBus()
 	if bus == nil {
-		return false, errors.New("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Can't connect to PackageKit bus.")
 	}
 	defer bus.Close()

 	result, err := obj.pkgMappingHelper(bus)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("The pkgMappingHelper failed with: %v.", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "The pkgMappingHelper failed")
 	}

 	packageMap := obj.groupMappingHelper() // map[string]string
 	packageList := []string{obj.Name}
-	packageList = append(packageList, StrMapKeys(packageMap)...)
+	packageList = append(packageList, util.StrMapKeys(packageMap)...)
 	//stateList := []string{obj.State}
-	//stateList = append(stateList, StrMapValues(packageMap)...)
+	//stateList = append(stateList, util.StrMapValues(packageMap)...)

 	// TODO: at the moment, all the states are the same, but
 	// eventually we might be able to drop this constraint!
-	states, err := FilterState(result, packageList, obj.State)
+	states, err := packagekit.FilterState(result, packageList, obj.State)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("The FilterState method failed with: %v.", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "The FilterState method failed")
 	}
 	data, _ := result[obj.Name] // if above didn't error, we won't either!
-	validState := BoolMapTrue(BoolMapValues(states))
+	validState := util.BoolMapTrue(util.BoolMapValues(states))

 	// obj.State == "installed" || "uninstalled" || "newest" || "4.2-1.fc23"
 	switch obj.State {
@@ -292,12 +294,10 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 		fallthrough
 	case "newest":
 		if validState {
-			obj.isStateOK = true // reset
-			return true, nil     // state is correct, exit!
+			return true, nil // state is correct, exit!
 		}
 	default: // version string
 		if obj.State == data.Version && data.Version != "" {
-			obj.isStateOK = true // reset
 			return true, nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -308,21 +308,21 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	}

 	// apply portion
-	log.Printf("%v: Apply", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))
-	readyPackages, err := FilterPackageState(result, packageList, obj.State)
+	log.Printf("%s: Apply", obj.fmtNames(obj.getNames()))
+	readyPackages, err := packagekit.FilterPackageState(result, packageList, obj.State)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err // fail
 	}
 	// these are the packages that actually need their states applied!
-	applyPackages := StrFilterElementsInList(readyPackages, packageList)
-	packageIDs, _ := FilterPackageIDs(result, applyPackages) // would be same err as above
+	applyPackages := util.StrFilterElementsInList(readyPackages, packageList)
+	packageIDs, _ := packagekit.FilterPackageIDs(result, applyPackages) // would be same err as above

 	var transactionFlags uint64 // initializes at the "zero" value of 0
 	if !obj.AllowUntrusted {    // allow
-		transactionFlags += PK_TRANSACTION_FLAG_ENUM_ONLY_TRUSTED
+		transactionFlags += packagekit.PK_TRANSACTION_FLAG_ENUM_ONLY_TRUSTED
 	}
 	// apply correct state!
-	log.Printf("%v: Set: %v...", obj.fmtNames(StrListIntersection(applyPackages, obj.getNames())), obj.State)
+	log.Printf("%s: Set: %v...", obj.fmtNames(util.StrListIntersection(applyPackages, obj.getNames())), obj.State)
 	switch obj.State {
 	case "uninstalled": // run remove
 		// NOTE: packageID is different than when installed, because now
@@ -340,22 +340,20 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err // fail
 	}
-	log.Printf("%v: Set: %v success!", obj.fmtNames(StrListIntersection(applyPackages, obj.getNames())), obj.State)
-	obj.isStateOK = true // reset
-	return false, nil    // success
+	log.Printf("%s: Set: %v success!", obj.fmtNames(util.StrListIntersection(applyPackages, obj.getNames())), obj.State)
+	return false, nil // success
 }

-// PkgUUID is the UUID struct for PkgRes.
-type PkgUUID struct {
-	BaseUUID
+// PkgUID is the UID struct for PkgRes.
+type PkgUID struct {
+	BaseUID
 	name  string // pkg name
 	state string // pkg state or "version"
 }

-// if and only if they are equivalent, return true
-// if they are not equivalent, return false
-func (obj *PkgUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
-	res, ok := uuid.(*PkgUUID)
+// IFF aka if and only if they are equivalent, return true. If not, false.
+func (obj *PkgUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*PkgUID)
 	if !ok {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -366,30 +364,30 @@ func (obj *PkgUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
 // PkgResAutoEdges holds the state of the auto edge generator.
 type PkgResAutoEdges struct {
 	fileList   []string
-	svcUUIDs   []ResUUID
+	svcUIDs    []ResUID
 	testIsNext bool   // safety
 	name       string // saved data from PkgRes obj
 	kind       string
 }

 // Next returns the next automatic edge.
-func (obj *PkgResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUUID {
+func (obj *PkgResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUID {
 	if obj.testIsNext {
 		log.Fatal("Expecting a call to Test()")
 	}
 	obj.testIsNext = true // set after all the errors paths are past

-	// first return any matching svcUUIDs
-	if x := obj.svcUUIDs; len(x) > 0 {
+	// first return any matching svcUIDs
+	if x := obj.svcUIDs; len(x) > 0 {
 		return x
 	}

-	var result []ResUUID
-	// return UUID's for whatever is in obj.fileList
+	var result []ResUID
+	// return UID's for whatever is in obj.fileList
 	for _, x := range obj.fileList {
 		var reversed = false // cheat by passing a pointer
-		result = append(result, &FileUUID{
-			BaseUUID: BaseUUID{
+		result = append(result, &FileUID{
+			BaseUID: BaseUID{
 				name:     obj.name,
 				kind:     obj.kind,
 				reversed: &reversed,
@@ -406,12 +404,12 @@ func (obj *PkgResAutoEdges) Test(input []bool) bool {
 		log.Fatal("Expecting a call to Next()")
 	}

-	// ack the svcUUID's...
-	if x := obj.svcUUIDs; len(x) > 0 {
+	// ack the svcUID's...
+	if x := obj.svcUIDs; len(x) > 0 {
 		if y := len(x); y != len(input) {
 			log.Fatalf("Expecting %d value(s)!", y)
 		}
-		obj.svcUUIDs = []ResUUID{} // empty
+		obj.svcUIDs = []ResUID{} // empty
 		obj.testIsNext = false
 		return true
 	}
@@ -434,16 +432,16 @@ func (obj *PkgResAutoEdges) Test(input []bool) bool {
 	var dirs = make([]string, count)
 	done := []string{}
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
-		dir := Dirname(obj.fileList[i]) // dirname of /foo/ should be /
+		dir := util.Dirname(obj.fileList[i]) // dirname of /foo/ should be /
 		dirs[i] = dir
 		if input[i] {
 			done = append(done, dir)
 		}
 	}
-	nodupes := StrRemoveDuplicatesInList(dirs)                // remove duplicates
-	nodones := StrFilterElementsInList(done, nodupes)         // filter out done
-	noempty := StrFilterElementsInList([]string{""}, nodones) // remove the "" from /
-	obj.fileList = RemoveCommonFilePrefixes(noempty)          // magic
+	nodupes := util.StrRemoveDuplicatesInList(dirs)                // remove duplicates
+	nodones := util.StrFilterElementsInList(done, nodupes)         // filter out done
+	noempty := util.StrFilterElementsInList([]string{""}, nodones) // remove the "" from /
+	obj.fileList = util.RemoveCommonFilePrefixes(noempty)          // magic

 	if len(obj.fileList) == 0 { // nothing more, don't continue
 		return false
@@ -459,37 +457,37 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
 	// is contained in the Test() method! This design is completely okay!

 	// add matches for any svc resources found in pkg definition!
-	var svcUUIDs []ResUUID
+	var svcUIDs []ResUID
 	for _, x := range ReturnSvcInFileList(obj.fileList) {
 		var reversed = false
-		svcUUIDs = append(svcUUIDs, &SvcUUID{
-			BaseUUID: BaseUUID{
+		svcUIDs = append(svcUIDs, &SvcUID{
+			BaseUID: BaseUID{
 				name:     obj.GetName(),
 				kind:     obj.Kind(),
 				reversed: &reversed,
 			},
-			name: x, // the svc name itself in the SvcUUID object!
+			name: x, // the svc name itself in the SvcUID object!
 		}) // build list
 	}

 	return &PkgResAutoEdges{
-		fileList:   RemoveCommonFilePrefixes(obj.fileList), // clean start!
-		svcUUIDs:   svcUUIDs,
+		fileList:   util.RemoveCommonFilePrefixes(obj.fileList), // clean start!
+		svcUIDs:    svcUIDs,
 		testIsNext: false,         // start with Next() call
 		name:       obj.GetName(), // save data for PkgResAutoEdges obj
 		kind:       obj.Kind(),
 	}
 }

-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
 // Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *PkgRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &PkgUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
-		name:     obj.Name,
-		state:    obj.State,
+func (obj *PkgRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &PkgUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:    obj.Name,
+		state:   obj.State,
 	}
-	result := []ResUUID{x}
+	result := []ResUID{x}
 	return result
 }

@@ -545,7 +543,7 @@ func (obj *PkgRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
 	return true
 }

-// return a list of svc names for matches like /usr/lib/systemd/system/*.service
+// ReturnSvcInFileList returns a list of svc names for matches like: `/usr/lib/systemd/system/*.service`.
 func ReturnSvcInFileList(fileList []string) []string {
 	result := []string{}
 	for _, x := range fileList {
@@ -557,7 +555,7 @@ func ReturnSvcInFileList(fileList []string) []string {
 		if !strings.HasSuffix(basename, ".service") {
 			continue
 		}
-		if s := strings.TrimSuffix(basename, ".service"); !StrInList(s, result) {
+		if s := strings.TrimSuffix(basename, ".service"); !util.StrInList(s, result) {
 			result = append(result, s)
 		}
 	}
--- a/resources/refresh.go
+++ b/resources/refresh.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Refresh returns the pending state of a notification. It should only be called
+// in the CheckApply portion of a resource where a refresh should be acted upon.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Refresh() bool {
+	return obj.refresh
+}
+
+// SetRefresh sets the pending state of a notification. It should only be called
+// by the mgmt engine.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetRefresh(b bool) {
+	obj.refresh = b
+}
+
+// StatefulBool is an interface for storing a boolean flag in a permanent spot.
+type StatefulBool interface {
+	Get() (bool, error) // get value of token
+	Set() error         // set token to true
+	Del() error         // rm token if it exists
+}
+
+// DiskBool stores a boolean variable on disk for stateful access across runs.
+// The absence of the path is treated as false. If the path contains a special
+// value, then it is treated as true. All the other non-error cases are false.
+type DiskBool struct {
+	Path string // path to token
+}
+
+// str returns the string data which represents true (aka set).
+func (obj *DiskBool) str() string {
+	const TrueToken = "true"
+	const newline = "\n"
+	return TrueToken + newline
+}
+
+// Get returns if the boolean setting, if no error reading the value occurs.
+func (obj *DiskBool) Get() (bool, error) {
+	file, err := os.Open(obj.Path) // open a handle to read the file
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return false, nil // no token means value is false
+		}
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not read token")
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	data, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not read from file")
+	}
+	return strings.TrimSpace(string(data)) == strings.TrimSpace(obj.str()), nil
+}
+
+// Set stores the true boolean value, if no error setting the value occurs.
+func (obj *DiskBool) Set() error {
+	file, err := os.Create(obj.Path) // open a handle to create the file
+	if err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "can't create file")
+	}
+	defer file.Close()
+	str := obj.str()
+	if c, err := file.Write([]byte(str)); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "error writing to file")
+	} else if l := len(str); c != l {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wrote %d bytes instead of %d", c, l)
+	}
+	return file.Sync() // guarantee it!
+}
+
+// Del stores the false boolean value, if no error clearing the value occurs.
+func (obj *DiskBool) Del() error {
+	if err := os.Remove(obj.Path); err != nil { // remove the file
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil // no file means this is already fine
+		}
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "could not delete token")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/resources/resources.go
+++ b/resources/resources.go
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package resources provides the resource framework and idempotent primitives.
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+
+	// TODO: should each resource be a sub-package?
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/converger"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+//go:generate stringer -type=ResState -output=resstate_stringer.go
+
+// The ResState type represents the current activity state of each resource.
+type ResState int
+
+// Each ResState should be set properly in the relevant part of the resource.
+const (
+	ResStateNil ResState = iota
+	ResStateWatching
+	ResStateEvent // an event has happened, but we haven't poked yet
+	ResStateCheckApply
+	ResStatePoking
+)
+
+const refreshPathToken = "refresh"
+
+// Data is the set of input values passed into the pgraph for the resources.
+type Data struct {
+	//Hostname string         // uuid for the host
+	//Noop     bool
+	Converger converger.Converger
+	Prefix    string // the prefix to be used for the pgraph namespace
+	Debug     bool
+	// NOTE: we can add more fields here if needed for the resources.
+}
+
+// ResUID is a unique identifier for a resource, namely it's name, and the kind ("type").
+type ResUID interface {
+	GetName() string
+	Kind() string
+	IFF(ResUID) bool
+
+	Reversed() bool // true means this resource happens before the generator
+}
+
+// The BaseUID struct is used to provide a unique resource identifier.
+type BaseUID struct {
+	name string // name and kind are the values of where this is coming from
+	kind string
+
+	reversed *bool // piggyback edge information here
+}
+
+// The AutoEdge interface is used to implement the autoedges feature.
+type AutoEdge interface {
+	Next() []ResUID   // call to get list of edges to add
+	Test([]bool) bool // call until false
+}
+
+// MetaParams is a struct will all params that apply to every resource.
+type MetaParams struct {
+	AutoEdge  bool `yaml:"autoedge"`  // metaparam, should we generate auto edges?
+	AutoGroup bool `yaml:"autogroup"` // metaparam, should we auto group?
+	Noop      bool `yaml:"noop"`
+	// NOTE: there are separate Watch and CheckApply retry and delay values,
+	// but I've decided to use the same ones for both until there's a proper
+	// reason to want to do something differently for the Watch errors.
+	Retry int16  `yaml:"retry"` // metaparam, number of times to retry on error. -1 for infinite
+	Delay uint64 `yaml:"delay"` // metaparam, number of milliseconds to wait between retries
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML is the custom unmarshal handler for the MetaParams struct. It
+// is primarily useful for setting the defaults.
+func (obj *MetaParams) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	type rawMetaParams MetaParams           // indirection to avoid infinite recursion
+	raw := rawMetaParams(DefaultMetaParams) // convert; the defaults go here
+
+	if err := unmarshal(&raw); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	*obj = MetaParams(raw) // restore from indirection with type conversion!
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DefaultMetaParams are the defaults to be used for undefined metaparams.
+var DefaultMetaParams = MetaParams{
+	AutoEdge:  true,
+	AutoGroup: true,
+	Noop:      false,
+	Retry:     0, // TODO: is this a good default?
+	Delay:     0, // TODO: is this a good default?
+}
+
+// The Base interface is everything that is common to all resources.
+// Everything here only needs to be implemented once, in the BaseRes.
+type Base interface {
+	GetName() string // can't be named "Name()" because of struct field
+	SetName(string)
+	SetKind(string)
+	Kind() string
+	Meta() *MetaParams
+	Events() chan event.Event
+	AssociateData(*Data)
+	IsWatching() bool
+	SetWatching(bool)
+	GetState() ResState
+	SetState(ResState)
+	DoSend(chan event.Event, string) (bool, error)
+	SendEvent(event.EventName, bool, bool) bool
+	ReadEvent(*event.Event) (bool, bool)   // TODO: optional here?
+	Refresh() bool                         // is there a pending refresh to run?
+	SetRefresh(bool)                       // set the refresh state of this resource
+	SendRecv(Res) (map[string]bool, error) // send->recv data passing function
+	IsStateOK() bool
+	StateOK(b bool)
+	GroupCmp(Res) bool  // TODO: is there a better name for this?
+	GroupRes(Res) error // group resource (arg) into self
+	IsGrouped() bool    // am I grouped?
+	SetGrouped(bool)    // set grouped bool
+	GetGroup() []Res    // return everyone grouped inside me
+	SetGroup([]Res)
+	VarDir(string) (string, error)
+}
+
+// Res is the minimum interface you need to implement to define a new resource.
+type Res interface {
+	Base // include everything from the Base interface
+	Init() error
+	//Validate() error    // TODO: this might one day be added
+	GetUIDs() []ResUID            // most resources only return one
+	Watch(chan event.Event) error // send on channel to signal process() events
+	CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error)
+	AutoEdges() AutoEdge
+	Compare(Res) bool
+	CollectPattern(string) // XXX: temporary until Res collection is more advanced
+}
+
+// BaseRes is the base struct that gets used in every resource.
+type BaseRes struct {
+	Name       string           `yaml:"name"`
+	MetaParams MetaParams       `yaml:"meta"` // struct of all the metaparams
+	Recv       map[string]*Send // mapping of key to receive on from value
+
+	kind      string
+	events    chan event.Event
+	converger converger.Converger // converged tracking
+	prefix    string              // base prefix for this resource
+	debug     bool
+	state     ResState
+	watching  bool  // is Watch() loop running ?
+	isStateOK bool  // whether the state is okay based on events or not
+	isGrouped bool  // am i contained within a group?
+	grouped   []Res // list of any grouped resources
+	refresh   bool  // does this resource have a refresh to run?
+	//refreshState StatefulBool // TODO: future stateful bool
+}
+
+// UIDExistsInUIDs wraps the IFF method when used with a list of UID's.
+func UIDExistsInUIDs(uid ResUID, uids []ResUID) bool {
+	for _, u := range uids {
+		if uid.IFF(u) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// GetName returns the name of the resource.
+func (obj *BaseUID) GetName() string {
+	return obj.name
+}
+
+// Kind returns the kind of resource.
+func (obj *BaseUID) Kind() string {
+	return obj.kind
+}
+
+// IFF looks at two UID's and if and only if they are equivalent, returns true.
+// If they are not equivalent, it returns false.
+// Most resources will want to override this method, since it does the important
+// work of actually discerning if two resources are identical in function.
+func (obj *BaseUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*BaseUID)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return obj.name == res.name
+}
+
+// Reversed is part of the ResUID interface, and true means this resource
+// happens before the generator.
+func (obj *BaseUID) Reversed() bool {
+	if obj.reversed == nil {
+		log.Fatal("Programming error!")
+	}
+	return *obj.reversed
+}
+
+// Init initializes structures like channels if created without New constructor.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Init() error {
+	if obj.kind == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Resource did not set kind!")
+	}
+	obj.events = make(chan event.Event) // unbuffered chan to avoid stale events
+	//dir, err := obj.VarDir("")
+	//if err != nil {
+	//	return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "VarDir failed in Init()")
+	//}
+	// TODO: this StatefulBool implementation could be eventually swappable
+	//obj.refreshState = &DiskBool{Path: path.Join(dir, refreshPathToken)}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetName is used by all the resources to Get the name.
+func (obj *BaseRes) GetName() string {
+	return obj.Name
+}
+
+// SetName is used to set the name of the resource.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetName(name string) {
+	obj.Name = name
+}
+
+// SetKind sets the kind. This is used internally for exported resources.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetKind(kind string) {
+	obj.kind = kind
+}
+
+// Kind returns the kind of resource this is.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Kind() string {
+	return obj.kind
+}
+
+// Meta returns the MetaParams as a reference, which we can then get/set on.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Meta() *MetaParams {
+	return &obj.MetaParams
+}
+
+// Events returns the channel of events to listen on.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Events() chan event.Event {
+	return obj.events
+}
+
+// AssociateData associates some data with the object in question.
+func (obj *BaseRes) AssociateData(data *Data) {
+	obj.converger = data.Converger
+	obj.prefix = data.Prefix
+	obj.debug = data.Debug
+}
+
+// IsWatching tells us if the Watch() function is running.
+func (obj *BaseRes) IsWatching() bool {
+	return obj.watching
+}
+
+// SetWatching stores the status of if the Watch() function is running.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetWatching(b bool) {
+	obj.watching = b
+}
+
+// GetState returns the state of the resource.
+func (obj *BaseRes) GetState() ResState {
+	return obj.state
+}
+
+// SetState sets the state of the resource.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetState(state ResState) {
+	if obj.debug {
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: State: %v -> %v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.GetState(), state)
+	}
+	obj.state = state
+}
+
+// IsStateOK returns the cached state value.
+func (obj *BaseRes) IsStateOK() bool {
+	return obj.isStateOK
+}
+
+// StateOK sets the cached state value.
+func (obj *BaseRes) StateOK(b bool) {
+	obj.isStateOK = b
+}
+
+// GroupCmp compares two resources and decides if they're suitable for grouping
+// You'll probably want to override this method when implementing a resource...
+func (obj *BaseRes) GroupCmp(res Res) bool {
+	return false // base implementation assumes false, override me!
+}
+
+// GroupRes groups resource (arg) into self.
+func (obj *BaseRes) GroupRes(res Res) error {
+	if l := len(res.GetGroup()); l > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Res: %v already contains %d grouped resources!", res, l)
+	}
+	if res.IsGrouped() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Res: %v is already grouped!", res)
+	}
+
+	obj.grouped = append(obj.grouped, res)
+	res.SetGrouped(true) // i am contained _in_ a group
+	return nil
+}
+
+// IsGrouped determines if we are grouped.
+func (obj *BaseRes) IsGrouped() bool { // am I grouped?
+	return obj.isGrouped
+}
+
+// SetGrouped sets a flag to tell if we are grouped.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetGrouped(b bool) {
+	obj.isGrouped = b
+}
+
+// GetGroup returns everyone grouped inside me.
+func (obj *BaseRes) GetGroup() []Res { // return everyone grouped inside me
+	return obj.grouped
+}
+
+// SetGroup sets the grouped resources into me.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SetGroup(g []Res) {
+	obj.grouped = g
+}
+
+// Compare is the base compare method, which also handles the metaparams cmp.
+func (obj *BaseRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	// TODO: should the AutoEdge values be compared?
+	if obj.Meta().AutoEdge != res.Meta().AutoEdge {
+		return false
+	}
+	if obj.Meta().AutoGroup != res.Meta().AutoGroup {
+		return false
+	}
+	if obj.Meta().Noop != res.Meta().Noop {
+		// obj is the existing res, res is the *new* resource
+		// if we go from no-noop -> noop, we can re-use the obj
+		// if we go from noop -> no-noop, we need to regenerate
+		if obj.Meta().Noop { // asymmetrical
+			return false // going from noop to no-noop!
+		}
+	}
+	if obj.Meta().Retry != res.Meta().Retry {
+		return false
+	}
+	if obj.Meta().Delay != res.Meta().Delay {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// CollectPattern is used for resource collection.
+func (obj *BaseRes) CollectPattern(pattern string) {
+	// XXX: default method is empty
+}
+
+// VarDir returns the path to a working directory for the resource. It will try
+// and create the directory first, and return an error if this failed.
+func (obj *BaseRes) VarDir(extra string) (string, error) {
+	// Using extra adds additional dirs onto our namespace. An empty extra
+	// adds no additional directories.
+	if obj.prefix == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("VarDir prefix is empty!")
+	}
+	if obj.Kind() == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("VarDir kind is empty!")
+	}
+	if obj.GetName() == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("VarDir name is empty!")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: is obj.GetName() sufficiently unique to use as a UID here?
+	uid := obj.GetName()
+	p := fmt.Sprintf("%s/", path.Join(obj.prefix, obj.Kind(), uid, extra))
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(p, 0770); err != nil {
+		return "", errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Can't create prefix for %s[%s]", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+// ResToB64 encodes a resource to a base64 encoded string (after serialization)
+func ResToB64(res Res) (string, error) {
+	b := bytes.Buffer{}
+	e := gob.NewEncoder(&b)
+	err := e.Encode(&res) // pass with &
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("Gob failed to encode: %v", err)
+	}
+	return base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(b.Bytes()), nil
+}
+
+// B64ToRes decodes a resource from a base64 encoded string (after deserialization)
+func B64ToRes(str string) (Res, error) {
+	var output interface{}
+	bb, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(str)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Base64 failed to decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	b := bytes.NewBuffer(bb)
+	d := gob.NewDecoder(b)
+	err = d.Decode(&output) // pass with &
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Gob failed to decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	res, ok := output.(Res)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Output %v is not a Res", res)
+
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
--- a/resources/resources_test.go
+++ b/resources/resources_test.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package resources

 import (
 	"bytes"
@@ -105,16 +105,16 @@ func TestMiscEncodeDecode2(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestIFF(t *testing.T) {
-	uuid := &BaseUUID{name: "/tmp/unit-test"}
-	same := &BaseUUID{name: "/tmp/unit-test"}
-	diff := &BaseUUID{name: "/tmp/other-file"}
+	uid := &BaseUID{name: "/tmp/unit-test"}
+	same := &BaseUID{name: "/tmp/unit-test"}
+	diff := &BaseUID{name: "/tmp/other-file"}

-	if !uuid.IFF(same) {
-		t.Error("basic resource UUIDs with the same name should satisfy each other's IFF condition.")
+	if !uid.IFF(same) {
+		t.Error("basic resource UIDs with the same name should satisfy each other's IFF condition.")
 	}

-	if uuid.IFF(diff) {
-		t.Error("basic resource UUIDs with different names should NOT satisfy each other's IFF condition.")
+	if uid.IFF(diff) {
+		t.Error("basic resource UIDs with different names should NOT satisfy each other's IFF condition.")
 	}
 }

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func TestReadEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		eventExit:     false,
 	}

-	for event, _ := range shouldExit {
+	for event := range shouldExit {
 		exit, poke := res.ReadEvent(&Event{Name: event})
 		if exit != shouldExit[event] {
 			t.Errorf("resource.ReadEvent returned wrong exit flag for a %v event (%v, should be %v)",
--- a/resources/sendrecv.go
+++ b/resources/sendrecv.go
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+
+	multierr "github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// SendEvent pushes an event into the message queue for a particular vertex
+func (obj *BaseRes) SendEvent(ev event.EventName, sync bool, activity bool) bool {
+	// TODO: isn't this race-y ?
+	if !obj.IsWatching() { // element has already exited
+		return false // if we don't return, we'll block on the send
+	}
+	if !sync {
+		obj.events <- event.Event{Name: ev, Resp: nil, Msg: "", Activity: activity}
+		return true
+	}
+
+	resp := event.NewResp()
+	obj.events <- event.Event{Name: ev, Resp: resp, Msg: "", Activity: activity}
+	resp.ACKWait() // waits until true (nil) value
+	return true
+}
+
+// DoSend sends off an event, but doesn't block the incoming event queue.
+func (obj *BaseRes) DoSend(processChan chan event.Event, comment string) (exit bool, err error) {
+	resp := event.NewResp()
+	processChan <- event.Event{Name: event.EventNil, Resp: resp, Activity: false, Msg: comment} // trigger process
+	e := resp.Wait()
+	return false, e // XXX: at the moment, we don't use the exit bool.
+}
+
+// ReadEvent processes events when a select gets one, and handles the pause
+// code too! The return values specify if we should exit and poke respectively.
+func (obj *BaseRes) ReadEvent(ev *event.Event) (exit, send bool) {
+	ev.ACK()
+	var poke bool
+	// ensure that a CheckApply runs by sending with a dirty state...
+	if ev.GetActivity() { // if previous node did work, and we were notified...
+		obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+		poke = true        // poke!
+		// XXX: this should be elsewhere in case Watch isn't used (eg: Polling instead...)
+		// XXX: unless this is used in our "fallback" polling implementation???
+		//obj.SetRefresh(true) // TODO: is this redundant?
+	}
+
+	switch ev.Name {
+	case event.EventStart:
+		send = true || poke
+		return
+
+	case event.EventPoke:
+		send = true || poke
+		return
+
+	case event.EventBackPoke:
+		send = true || poke
+		return // forward poking in response to a back poke!
+
+	case event.EventExit:
+		// FIXME: what do we do if we have a pending refresh (poke) and an exit?
+		return true, false
+
+	case event.EventPause:
+		// wait for next event to continue
+		select {
+		case e, ok := <-obj.Events():
+			if !ok { // shutdown
+				return true, false
+			}
+			e.ACK()
+			if e.Name == event.EventExit {
+				return true, false
+			} else if e.Name == event.EventStart { // eventContinue
+				return false, false // don't poke on unpause!
+			} else {
+				// if we get a poke event here, it's a bug!
+				log.Fatalf("%s[%s]: Unknown event: %v, while paused!", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), e)
+			}
+		}
+
+	default:
+		log.Fatal("Unknown event: ", ev)
+	}
+	return true, false // required to keep the stupid go compiler happy
+}
+
+// Send points to a value that a resource will send.
+type Send struct {
+	Res Res    // a handle to the resource which is sending a value
+	Key string // the key in the resource that we're sending
+
+	Changed bool // set to true if this key was updated, read only!
+}
+
+// SendRecv pulls in the sent values into the receive slots. It is called by the
+// receiver and must be given as input the full resource struct to receive on.
+func (obj *BaseRes) SendRecv(res Res) (map[string]bool, error) {
+	if obj.debug {
+		// NOTE: this could expose private resource data like passwords
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: SendRecv: %+v", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.Recv)
+	}
+	var updated = make(map[string]bool) // list of updated keys
+	var err error
+	for k, v := range obj.Recv {
+		updated[k] = false // default
+		v.Changed = false  // reset to the default
+		// send
+		obj1 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v.Res))
+		type1 := obj1.Type()
+		value1 := obj1.FieldByName(v.Key)
+		kind1 := value1.Kind()
+
+		// recv
+		obj2 := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(res)) // pass in full struct
+		type2 := obj2.Type()
+		value2 := obj2.FieldByName(k)
+		kind2 := value2.Kind()
+
+		if obj.debug {
+			log.Printf("Send(%s) has %v: %v", type1, kind1, value1)
+			log.Printf("Recv(%s) has %v: %v", type2, kind2, value2)
+		}
+
+		// i think we probably want the same kind, at least for now...
+		if kind1 != kind2 {
+			e := fmt.Errorf("Kind mismatch between %s[%s]: %s and %s[%s]: %s", v.Res.Kind(), v.Res.GetName(), kind1, obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), kind2)
+			err = multierr.Append(err, e) // list of errors
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// if the types don't match, we can't use send->recv
+		// TODO: do we want to relax this for string -> *string ?
+		if e := TypeCmp(value1, value2); e != nil {
+			e := errwrap.Wrapf(e, "Type mismatch between %s[%s] and %s[%s]", v.Res.Kind(), v.Res.GetName(), obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			err = multierr.Append(err, e) // list of errors
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// if we can't set, then well this is pointless!
+		if !value2.CanSet() {
+			e := fmt.Errorf("Can't set %s[%s].%s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), k)
+			err = multierr.Append(err, e) // list of errors
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// if we can't interface, we can't compare...
+		if !value1.CanInterface() || !value2.CanInterface() {
+			e := fmt.Errorf("Can't interface %s[%s].%s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), k)
+			err = multierr.Append(err, e) // list of errors
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// if the values aren't equal, we're changing the receiver
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(value1.Interface(), value2.Interface()) {
+			// TODO: can we catch the panics here in case they happen?
+			value2.Set(value1) // do it for all types that match
+			updated[k] = true  // we updated this key!
+			v.Changed = true   // tag this key as updated!
+			log.Printf("SendRecv: %s[%s].%s -> %s[%s].%s", v.Res.Kind(), v.Res.GetName(), v.Key, obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), k)
+		}
+	}
+	return updated, err
+}
+
+// TypeCmp compares two reflect values to see if they are the same Kind. It can
+// look into a ptr Kind to see if the underlying pair of ptr's can TypeCmp too!
+func TypeCmp(a, b reflect.Value) error {
+	ta, tb := a.Type(), b.Type()
+	if ta != tb {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Type mismatch: %s != %s", ta, tb)
+	}
+	// NOTE: it seems we don't need to recurse into pointers to sub check!
+
+	return nil // identical Type()'s
+}
--- a/resources/svc.go
+++ b/resources/svc.go
@@ -17,16 +17,21 @@

 // DOCS: https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus

-package main
+package resources

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
 	systemd "github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus" // change namespace
 	systemdUtil "github.com/coreos/go-systemd/util"
 	"github.com/godbus/dbus" // namespace collides with systemd wrapper
-	"log"
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -41,7 +46,7 @@ type SvcRes struct {
 }

 // NewSvcRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewSvcRes(name, state, startup string) *SvcRes {
+func NewSvcRes(name, state, startup string) (*SvcRes, error) {
 	obj := &SvcRes{
 		BaseRes: BaseRes{
 			Name: name,
@@ -49,52 +54,60 @@ func NewSvcRes(name, state, startup string) *SvcRes {
 		State:   state,
 		Startup: startup,
 	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
+	return obj, obj.Init()
 }

 // Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *SvcRes) Init() {
+func (obj *SvcRes) Init() error {
 	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Svc"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
 }

 // Validate checks if the resource data structure was populated correctly.
-func (obj *SvcRes) Validate() bool {
+func (obj *SvcRes) Validate() error {
 	if obj.State != "running" && obj.State != "stopped" && obj.State != "" {
-		return false
+		return fmt.Errorf("State must be either `running` or `stopped` or undefined.")
 	}
 	if obj.Startup != "enabled" && obj.Startup != "disabled" && obj.Startup != "" {
-		return false
+		return fmt.Errorf("Startup must be either `enabled` or `disabled` or undefined.")
 	}
-	return true
+	return nil
 }

 // Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
-func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
+func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
 	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	obj.SetWatching(true)
 	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}

 	// obj.Name: svc name
 	if !systemdUtil.IsRunningSystemd() {
-		log.Fatal("Systemd is not running.")
+		return fmt.Errorf("Systemd is not running.")
 	}

 	conn, err := systemd.NewSystemdConnection() // needs root access
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("Failed to connect to systemd: ", err)
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to connect to systemd")
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()

 	// if we share the bus with others, we will get each others messages!!
-	bus, err := SystemBusPrivateUsable() // don't share the bus connection!
+	bus, err := util.SystemBusPrivateUsable() // don't share the bus connection!
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal("Failed to connect to bus: ", err)
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to connect to bus")
 	}

 	// XXX: will this detect new units?
@@ -103,10 +116,9 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 	buschan := make(chan *dbus.Signal, 10)
 	bus.Signal(buschan)

-	var svc = fmt.Sprintf("%v.service", obj.Name) // systemd name
+	var svc = fmt.Sprintf("%s.service", obj.Name) // systemd name
 	var send = false                              // send event?
 	var exit = false
-	var dirty = false
 	var invalid = false              // does the svc exist or not?
 	var previous bool                // previous invalid value
 	set := conn.NewSubscriptionSet() // no error should be returned
@@ -130,42 +142,44 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 		if !invalid {
 			var notFound = (loadstate.Value == dbus.MakeVariant("not-found"))
 			if notFound { // XXX: in the loop we'll handle changes better...
-				log.Printf("Failed to find svc: %v", svc)
-				invalid = true // XXX ?
+				log.Printf("Failed to find svc: %s", svc)
+				invalid = true // XXX: ?
 			}
 		}

 		if previous != invalid { // if invalid changed, send signal
 			send = true
-			dirty = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
 		}

 		if invalid {
-			log.Printf("Waiting for: %v", svc) // waiting for svc to appear...
+			log.Printf("Waiting for: %s", svc) // waiting for svc to appear...
 			if activeSet {
 				activeSet = false
 				set.Remove(svc) // no return value should ever occur
 			}

-			obj.SetState(resStateWatching) // reset
+			obj.SetState(ResStateWatching) // reset
 			select {
-			case <-buschan: // XXX wait for new units event to unstick
-				cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			case <-buschan: // XXX: wait for new units event to unstick
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
 				// loop so that we can see the changed invalid signal
-				log.Printf("Svc[%v]->DaemonReload()", svc)
+				log.Printf("Svc[%s]->DaemonReload()", svc)

-			case event := <-obj.events:
-				cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			case event := <-obj.Events():
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
 				if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-					return // exit
-				}
-				if event.GetActivity() {
-					dirty = true
+					return nil // exit
 				}

-			case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-				cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+				cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 				continue
+
+			case <-Startup(startup):
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
+				send = true
+				obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
 			}
 		} else {
 			if !activeSet {
@@ -173,8 +187,8 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 				set.Add(svc) // no return value should ever occur
 			}

-			log.Printf("Watching: %v", svc) // attempting to watch...
-			obj.SetState(resStateWatching)  // reset
+			log.Printf("Watching: %s", svc) // attempting to watch...
+			obj.SetState(ResStateWatching)  // reset
 			select {
 			case event := <-subChannel:

@@ -182,85 +196,79 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
 				// NOTE: the value returned is a map for some reason...
 				if event[svc] != nil {
 					// event[svc].ActiveState is not nil
-					if event[svc].ActiveState == "active" {
-						log.Printf("Svc[%v]->Started()", svc)
-					} else if event[svc].ActiveState == "inactive" {
-						log.Printf("Svc[%v]->Stopped!()", svc)
-					} else {
-						log.Fatal("Unknown svc state: ", event[svc].ActiveState)
+
+					switch event[svc].ActiveState {
+					case "active":
+						log.Printf("Svc[%s]->Started", svc)
+					case "inactive":
+						log.Printf("Svc[%s]->Stopped", svc)
+					case "reloading":
+						log.Printf("Svc[%s]->Reloading", svc)
+					default:
+						log.Fatalf("Unknown svc state: %s", event[svc].ActiveState)
 					}
 				} else {
 					// svc stopped (and ActiveState is nil...)
-					log.Printf("Svc[%v]->Stopped", svc)
+					log.Printf("Svc[%s]->Stopped", svc)
 				}
 				send = true
-				dirty = true
+				obj.StateOK(false) // dirty

 			case err := <-subErrors:
-				cuuid.SetConverged(false) // XXX ?
-				log.Printf("error: %v", err)
-				log.Fatal(err)
-				//vertex.events <- fmt.Sprintf("svc: %v", "error") // XXX: how should we handle errors?
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
+				return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Unknown %s[%s] error", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())

-			case event := <-obj.events:
-				cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			case event := <-obj.Events():
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
 				if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-					return // exit
-				}
-				if event.GetActivity() {
-					dirty = true
+					return nil // exit
 				}

-			case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-				cuuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+				cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
 				continue
+
+			case <-Startup(startup):
+				cuid.SetConverged(false)
+				send = true
+				obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
 			}
 		}

 		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
 			send = false
-			if dirty {
-				dirty = false
-				obj.isStateOK = false // something made state dirty
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
 			}
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "", true} // trigger process
-			resp.ACKWait()                                 // wait for the ACK()
 		}
-
 	}
 }

 // CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
 // input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
-func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
-
-	if obj.isStateOK { // cache the state
-		return true, nil
-	}
-
+func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkOK bool, err error) {
 	if !systemdUtil.IsRunningSystemd() {
-		return false, errors.New("Systemd is not running.")
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Systemd is not running.")
 	}

 	conn, err := systemd.NewSystemdConnection() // needs root access
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to connect to systemd: %v", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to connect to systemd")
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()

-	var svc = fmt.Sprintf("%v.service", obj.Name) // systemd name
+	var svc = fmt.Sprintf("%s.service", obj.Name) // systemd name

 	loadstate, err := conn.GetUnitProperty(svc, "LoadState")
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to get load state: %v", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to get load state")
 	}

 	// NOTE: we have to compare variants with other variants, they are really strings...
 	var notFound = (loadstate.Value == dbus.MakeVariant("not-found"))
 	if notFound {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to find svc: %v", svc)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to find svc: %s", svc)
 	}

 	// XXX: check svc "enabled at boot" or not status...
@@ -268,14 +276,15 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	//conn.GetUnitProperties(svc)
 	activestate, err := conn.GetUnitProperty(svc, "ActiveState")
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to get active state: %v", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to get active state")
 	}

 	var running = (activestate.Value == dbus.MakeVariant("active"))
 	var stateOK = ((obj.State == "") || (obj.State == "running" && running) || (obj.State == "stopped" && !running))
-	var startupOK = true // XXX DETECT AND SET
+	var startupOK = true        // XXX: DETECT AND SET
+	var refresh = obj.Refresh() // do we have a pending reload to apply?

-	if stateOK && startupOK {
+	if stateOK && startupOK && !refresh {
 		return true, nil // we are in the correct state
 	}

@@ -285,7 +294,7 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	}

 	// apply portion
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: Apply", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	log.Printf("%s[%s]: Apply", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
 	var files = []string{svc} // the svc represented in a list
 	if obj.Startup == "enabled" {
 		_, _, err = conn.EnableUnitFiles(files, false, true)
@@ -295,7 +304,7 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	}

 	if err != nil {
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("Unable to change startup status: %v", err)
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Unable to change startup status")
 	}

 	// XXX: do we need to use a buffered channel here?
@@ -304,42 +313,54 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (checkok bool, err error) {
 	if obj.State == "running" {
 		_, err = conn.StartUnit(svc, "fail", result)
 		if err != nil {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to start unit: %v", err)
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to start unit")
 		}
+		if refresh {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Skipping reload, due to pending start", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		}
+		refresh = false // we did a start, so a reload is not needed
 	} else if obj.State == "stopped" {
 		_, err = conn.StopUnit(svc, "fail", result)
 		if err != nil {
-			return false, fmt.Errorf("Failed to stop unit: %v", err)
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "Failed to stop unit")
 		}
+		if refresh {
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Skipping reload, due to pending stop", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		}
+		refresh = false // we did a stop, so a reload is not needed
 	}

 	status := <-result
 	if &status == nil {
-		return false, errors.New("Systemd service action result is nil")
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Systemd service action result is nil")
 	}
 	if status != "done" {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("Unknown systemd return string: %v", status)
 	}

+	if refresh { // we need to reload the service
+		// XXX: run a svc reload here!
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Reloading...", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
 	// XXX: also set enabled on boot

 	return false, nil // success
 }

-// SvcUUID is the UUID struct for SvcRes.
-type SvcUUID struct {
-	// NOTE: there is also a name variable in the BaseUUID struct, this is
-	// information about where this UUID came from, and is unrelated to the
+// SvcUID is the UID struct for SvcRes.
+type SvcUID struct {
+	// NOTE: there is also a name variable in the BaseUID struct, this is
+	// information about where this UID came from, and is unrelated to the
 	// information about the resource we're matching. That data which is
 	// used in the IFF function, is what you see in the struct fields here.
-	BaseUUID
+	BaseUID
 	name string // the svc name
 }

-// if and only if they are equivalent, return true
-// if they are not equivalent, return false
-func (obj *SvcUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {
-	res, ok := uuid.(*SvcUUID)
+// IFF aka if and only if they are equivalent, return true. If not, false.
+func (obj *SvcUID) IFF(uid ResUID) bool {
+	res, ok := uid.(*SvcUID)
 	if !ok {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -348,13 +369,13 @@ func (obj *SvcUUID) IFF(uuid ResUUID) bool {

 // SvcResAutoEdges holds the state of the auto edge generator.
 type SvcResAutoEdges struct {
-	data    []ResUUID
+	data    []ResUID
 	pointer int
 	found   bool
 }

 // Next returns the next automatic edge.
-func (obj *SvcResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUUID {
+func (obj *SvcResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUID {
 	if obj.found {
 		log.Fatal("Shouldn't be called anymore!")
 	}
@@ -363,7 +384,7 @@ func (obj *SvcResAutoEdges) Next() []ResUUID {
 	}
 	value := obj.data[obj.pointer]
 	obj.pointer++
-	return []ResUUID{value} // we return one, even though api supports N
+	return []ResUID{value} // we return one, even though api supports N
 }

 // Test gets results of the earlier Next() call, & returns if we should continue!
@@ -385,17 +406,17 @@ func (obj *SvcResAutoEdges) Test(input []bool) bool {
 	return true // keep going
 }

-// The AutoEdges method returns the AutoEdges. In this case the systemd units.
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case the systemd units.
 func (obj *SvcRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
-	var data []ResUUID
+	var data []ResUID
 	svcFiles := []string{
 		fmt.Sprintf("/etc/systemd/system/%s.service", obj.Name),     // takes precedence
 		fmt.Sprintf("/usr/lib/systemd/system/%s.service", obj.Name), // pkg default
 	}
 	for _, x := range svcFiles {
 		var reversed = true
-		data = append(data, &FileUUID{
-			BaseUUID: BaseUUID{
+		data = append(data, &FileUID{
+			BaseUID: BaseUID{
 				name:     obj.GetName(),
 				kind:     obj.Kind(),
 				reversed: &reversed,
@@ -410,14 +431,14 @@ func (obj *SvcRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
 	}
 }

-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
 // Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *SvcRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &SvcUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
-		name:     obj.Name, // svc name
+func (obj *SvcRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &SvcUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		name:    obj.Name, // svc name
 	}
-	return []ResUUID{x}
+	return []ResUID{x}
 }

 // GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
--- a/resources/timer.go
+++ b/resources/timer.go
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package resources

 import (
 	"encoding/gob"
 	"log"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -31,95 +33,131 @@ func init() {
 type TimerRes struct {
 	BaseRes  `yaml:",inline"`
 	Interval int `yaml:"interval"` // Interval : Interval between runs
+
+	ticker *time.Ticker
 }

-// TimerUUID is the UUID struct for TimerRes.
-type TimerUUID struct {
-	BaseUUID
+// TimerUID is the UID struct for TimerRes.
+type TimerUID struct {
+	BaseUID
 	name string
 }

 // NewTimerRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
-func NewTimerRes(name string, interval int) *TimerRes {
+func NewTimerRes(name string, interval int) (*TimerRes, error) {
 	obj := &TimerRes{
 		BaseRes: BaseRes{
 			Name: name,
 		},
 		Interval: interval,
 	}
-	obj.Init()
-	return obj
+	return obj, obj.Init()
 }

 // Init runs some startup code for this resource.
-func (obj *TimerRes) Init() {
+func (obj *TimerRes) Init() error {
 	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Timer"
-	obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overrriding
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overrriding
 }

 // Validate the params that are passed to TimerRes
 // Currently we are getting only an interval in seconds
 // which gets validated by go compiler
-func (obj *TimerRes) Validate() bool {
-	return true
+func (obj *TimerRes) Validate() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// newTicker creates a new ticker
+func (obj *TimerRes) newTicker() *time.Ticker {
+	return time.NewTicker(time.Duration(obj.Interval) * time.Second)
 }

 // Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
-func (obj *TimerRes) Watch(processChan chan Event) {
+func (obj *TimerRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
 	if obj.IsWatching() {
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
-
-	// Create a time.Ticker for the given interval
-	ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Duration(obj.Interval) * time.Second)
-	defer ticker.Stop()
-
 	obj.SetWatching(true)
 	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
-	cuuid := obj.converger.Register()
-	defer cuuid.Unregister()
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	// create a time.Ticker for the given interval
+	obj.ticker = obj.newTicker()
+	defer obj.ticker.Stop()

 	var send = false

 	for {
-		obj.SetState(resStateWatching)
+		obj.SetState(ResStateWatching)
 		select {
-		case <-ticker.C: // received the timer event
+		case <-obj.ticker.C: // received the timer event
 			send = true
-			log.Printf("%v[%v]: received tick", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
-		case event := <-obj.events:
-			cuuid.SetConverged(false)
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: received tick", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
 			if exit, _ := obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
-				return
+				return nil
 			}
-		case <-cuuid.ConvergedTimer():
-			cuuid.SetConverged(true)
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true)
 			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
 		}
 		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
 			send = false
-			obj.isStateOK = false
-			resp := NewResp()
-			processChan <- Event{eventNil, resp, "timer ticked", true}
-			resp.ACKWait()
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, "timer ticked"); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }

-// GetUUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// CheckApply method for Timer resource. Triggers a timer reset on notify.
+func (obj *TimerRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (bool, error) {
+	// because there are no checks to run, this resource has a less
+	// traditional pattern than what is seen in most resources...
+	if !obj.Refresh() { // this works for apply || !apply
+		return true, nil // state is always okay if no refresh to do
+	} else if !apply { // we had a refresh to do
+		return false, nil // therefore state is wrong
+	}
+
+	// reset the timer since apply && refresh
+	obj.ticker.Stop()
+	obj.ticker = obj.newTicker()
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
 // Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
-func (obj *TimerRes) GetUUIDs() []ResUUID {
-	x := &TimerUUID{
-		BaseUUID: BaseUUID{
+func (obj *TimerRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &TimerUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{
 			name: obj.GetName(),
 			kind: obj.Kind(),
 		},
 		name: obj.Name,
 	}
-	return []ResUUID{x}
+	return []ResUID{x}
 }

-// The AutoEdges method returns the AutoEdges. In this case none are used.
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
 func (obj *TimerRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
 	return nil
 }
@@ -143,9 +181,3 @@ func (obj *TimerRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
 	}
 	return true
 }
-
-// CheckApply method for Timer resource. Does nothing, returns happy!
-func (obj *TimerRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (bool, error) {
-	log.Printf("%v[%v]: CheckApply(%t)", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), apply)
-	return true, nil // state is always okay
-}
--- a/resources/virt.go
+++ b/resources/virt.go
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package resources
+
+import (
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"math/rand"
+	"net/url"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/event"
+
+	errwrap "github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/rgbkrk/libvirt-go"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	gob.Register(&VirtRes{})
+}
+
+var (
+	libvirtInitialized = false
+)
+
+type virtURISchemeType int
+
+const (
+	defaultURI virtURISchemeType = iota
+	lxcURI
+)
+
+// VirtAuth is used to pass credentials to libvirt.
+type VirtAuth struct {
+	Username string `yaml:"username"`
+	Password string `yaml:"password"`
+}
+
+// VirtRes is a libvirt resource. A transient virt resource, which has its state
+// set to `shutoff` is one which does not exist. The parallel equivalent is a
+// file resource which removes a particular path.
+type VirtRes struct {
+	BaseRes    `yaml:",inline"`
+	URI        string             `yaml:"uri"`       // connection uri, eg: qemu:///session
+	State      string             `yaml:"state"`     // running, paused, shutoff
+	Transient  bool               `yaml:"transient"` // defined (false) or undefined (true)
+	CPUs       uint16             `yaml:"cpus"`
+	Memory     uint64             `yaml:"memory"` // in KBytes
+	OSInit     string             `yaml:"osinit"` // init used by lxc
+	Boot       []string           `yaml:"boot"`   // boot order. values: fd, hd, cdrom, network
+	Disk       []diskDevice       `yaml:"disk"`
+	CDRom      []cdRomDevice      `yaml:"cdrom"`
+	Network    []networkDevice    `yaml:"network"`
+	Filesystem []filesystemDevice `yaml:"filesystem"`
+	Auth       *VirtAuth          `yaml:"auth"`
+
+	conn      libvirt.VirConnection
+	absent    bool // cached state
+	uriScheme virtURISchemeType
+}
+
+// NewVirtRes is a constructor for this resource. It also calls Init() for you.
+func NewVirtRes(name string, uri, state string, transient bool, cpus uint16, memory uint64, osinit string) (*VirtRes, error) {
+	obj := &VirtRes{
+		BaseRes: BaseRes{
+			Name: name,
+		},
+		URI:       uri,
+		State:     state,
+		Transient: transient,
+		CPUs:      cpus,
+		Memory:    memory,
+		OSInit:    osinit,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init()
+}
+
+// Init runs some startup code for this resource.
+func (obj *VirtRes) Init() error {
+	if !libvirtInitialized {
+		if err := libvirt.EventRegisterDefaultImpl(); err != nil {
+			return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "EventRegisterDefaultImpl failed")
+		}
+		libvirtInitialized = true
+	}
+	var u *url.URL
+	var err error
+	if u, err = url.Parse(obj.URI); err != nil {
+		return errwrap.Wrapf(err, "%s[%s]: Parsing URI failed: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), obj.URI)
+	}
+	switch u.Scheme {
+	case "lxc":
+		obj.uriScheme = lxcURI
+	}
+
+	obj.absent = (obj.Transient && obj.State == "shutoff") // machine shouldn't exist
+
+	obj.BaseRes.kind = "Virt"
+	return obj.BaseRes.Init() // call base init, b/c we're overriding
+}
+
+// Validate if the params passed in are valid data.
+func (obj *VirtRes) Validate() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (obj *VirtRes) connect() (conn libvirt.VirConnection, err error) {
+	if obj.Auth != nil {
+		conn, err = libvirt.NewVirConnectionWithAuth(obj.URI, obj.Auth.Username, obj.Auth.Password)
+	}
+	if obj.Auth == nil || err != nil {
+		conn, err = libvirt.NewVirConnection(obj.URI)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Watch is the primary listener for this resource and it outputs events.
+func (obj *VirtRes) Watch(processChan chan event.Event) error {
+	if obj.IsWatching() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	obj.SetWatching(true)
+	defer obj.SetWatching(false)
+	cuid := obj.converger.Register()
+	defer cuid.Unregister()
+
+	var startup bool
+	Startup := func(block bool) <-chan time.Time {
+		if block {
+			return nil // blocks forever
+			//return make(chan time.Time) // blocks forever
+		}
+		return time.After(time.Duration(500) * time.Millisecond) // 1/2 the resolution of converged timeout
+	}
+
+	conn, err := obj.connect()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Connection to libvirt failed with: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	eventChan := make(chan int) // TODO: do we need to buffer this?
+	errorChan := make(chan error)
+	exitChan := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(exitChan)
+
+	// run libvirt event loop
+	// TODO: *trigger* EventRunDefaultImpl to unblock so it can shut down...
+	// at the moment this isn't a major issue because it seems to unblock in
+	// bursts every 5 seconds! we can do this by writing to an event handler
+	// in the meantime, terminating the program causes it to exit anyways...
+	go func() {
+		for {
+			// TODO: can we merge this into our main for loop below?
+			select {
+			case <-exitChan:
+				log.Printf("EventRunDefaultImpl exited!")
+				return
+			default:
+			}
+			//log.Printf("EventRunDefaultImpl started!")
+			if err := libvirt.EventRunDefaultImpl(); err != nil {
+				errorChan <- errwrap.Wrapf(err, "EventRunDefaultImpl failed")
+				return
+			}
+			//log.Printf("EventRunDefaultImpl looped!")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	callback := libvirt.DomainEventCallback(
+		func(c *libvirt.VirConnection, d *libvirt.VirDomain, eventDetails interface{}, f func()) int {
+			if lifecycleEvent, ok := eventDetails.(libvirt.DomainLifecycleEvent); ok {
+				domName, _ := d.GetName()
+				if domName == obj.GetName() {
+					eventChan <- lifecycleEvent.Event
+				}
+			} else if obj.debug {
+				log.Printf("%s[%s]: Event details isn't DomainLifecycleEvent", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			}
+			return 0
+		},
+	)
+	callbackID := conn.DomainEventRegister(
+		libvirt.VirDomain{},
+		libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_ID_LIFECYCLE,
+		&callback,
+		nil,
+	)
+	defer conn.DomainEventDeregister(callbackID)
+
+	var send = false
+	var exit = false
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case event := <-eventChan:
+			// TODO: shouldn't we do these checks in CheckApply ?
+			switch event {
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_DEFINED:
+				if obj.Transient {
+					obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+					send = true
+				}
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_UNDEFINED:
+				if !obj.Transient {
+					obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+					send = true
+				}
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_STARTED:
+				fallthrough
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_RESUMED:
+				if obj.State != "running" {
+					obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+					send = true
+				}
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_SUSPENDED:
+				if obj.State != "paused" {
+					obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+					send = true
+				}
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_STOPPED:
+				fallthrough
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_SHUTDOWN:
+				if obj.State != "shutoff" {
+					obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+					send = true
+				}
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_PMSUSPENDED:
+				fallthrough
+			case libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_EVENT_CRASHED:
+				obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+				send = true
+			}
+
+		case err := <-errorChan:
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown %s[%s] libvirt error: %s", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName(), err)
+
+		case event := <-obj.Events():
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			if exit, send = obj.ReadEvent(&event); exit {
+				return nil // exit
+			}
+
+		case <-cuid.ConvergedTimer():
+			cuid.SetConverged(true) // converged!
+			continue
+
+		case <-Startup(startup):
+			cuid.SetConverged(false)
+			send = true
+			obj.StateOK(false) // dirty
+		}
+
+		if send {
+			startup = true // startup finished
+			send = false
+			if exit, err := obj.DoSend(processChan, ""); exit || err != nil {
+				return err // we exit or bubble up a NACK...
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// attrCheckApply performs the CheckApply functions for CPU, Memory and others.
+// This shouldn't be called when the machine is absent; it won't be found!
+func (obj *VirtRes) attrCheckApply(apply bool) (bool, error) {
+	var checkOK = true
+
+	dom, err := obj.conn.LookupDomainByName(obj.GetName())
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "conn.LookupDomainByName failed")
+	}
+
+	domInfo, err := dom.GetInfo()
+	if err != nil {
+		// we don't know if the state is ok
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.GetInfo failed")
+	}
+
+	// check memory
+	if domInfo.GetMemory() != obj.Memory {
+		checkOK = false
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if err := dom.SetMemory(obj.Memory); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.SetMemory failed")
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Memory changed", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
+	// check cpus
+	if domInfo.GetNrVirtCpu() != obj.CPUs {
+		checkOK = false
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if err := dom.SetVcpus(obj.CPUs); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.SetVcpus failed")
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: CPUs changed", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
+	return checkOK, nil
+}
+
+// domainCreate creates a transient or persistent domain in the correct state. It
+// doesn't check the state before hand, as it is a simple helper function.
+func (obj *VirtRes) domainCreate() (libvirt.VirDomain, bool, error) {
+
+	if obj.Transient {
+		var flag uint32
+		var state string
+		switch obj.State {
+		case "running":
+			flag = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_NONE
+			state = "started"
+		case "paused":
+			flag = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_START_PAUSED
+			state = "paused"
+		case "shutoff":
+			// a transient, shutoff machine, means machine is absent
+			return libvirt.VirDomain{}, true, nil // returned dom is invalid
+		}
+		dom, err := obj.conn.DomainCreateXML(obj.getDomainXML(), flag)
+		if err != nil {
+			return dom, false, err // returned dom is invalid
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain transient %s", state, obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		return dom, false, nil
+	}
+
+	dom, err := obj.conn.DomainDefineXML(obj.getDomainXML())
+	if err != nil {
+		return dom, false, err // returned dom is invalid
+	}
+	log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain defined", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+
+	if obj.State == "running" {
+		if err := dom.Create(); err != nil {
+			return dom, false, err
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain started", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
+	if obj.State == "paused" {
+		if err := dom.CreateWithFlags(libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_START_PAUSED); err != nil {
+			return dom, false, err
+		}
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain created paused", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
+	return dom, false, nil
+}
+
+// CheckApply checks the resource state and applies the resource if the bool
+// input is true. It returns error info and if the state check passed or not.
+func (obj *VirtRes) CheckApply(apply bool) (bool, error) {
+	var err error
+	obj.conn, err = obj.connect()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Connection to libvirt failed with: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	var checkOK = true
+
+	dom, err := obj.conn.LookupDomainByName(obj.GetName())
+	if err == nil {
+		// pass
+	} else if virErr, ok := err.(libvirt.VirError); ok && virErr.Code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN {
+		// domain not found
+		if obj.absent {
+			return true, nil
+		}
+
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+
+		var c = true
+		dom, c, err = obj.domainCreate() // create the domain
+		if err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domainCreate failed")
+		} else if !c {
+			checkOK = false
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "LookupDomainByName failed")
+	}
+	defer dom.Free()
+	// domain exists
+
+	domInfo, err := dom.GetInfo()
+	if err != nil {
+		// we don't know if the state is ok
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.GetInfo failed")
+	}
+	isPersistent, err := dom.IsPersistent()
+	if err != nil {
+		// we don't know if the state is ok
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.IsPersistent failed")
+	}
+	isActive, err := dom.IsActive()
+	if err != nil {
+		// we don't know if the state is ok
+		return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.IsActive failed")
+	}
+
+	// check for persistence
+	if isPersistent == obj.Transient { // if they're different!
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if isPersistent {
+			if err := dom.Undefine(); err != nil {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.Undefine failed")
+			}
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain undefined", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		} else {
+			domXML, err := dom.GetXMLDesc(libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_XML_INACTIVE)
+			if err != nil {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.GetXMLDesc failed")
+			}
+			if _, err = obj.conn.DomainDefineXML(domXML); err != nil {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "conn.DomainDefineXML failed")
+			}
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain defined", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+		}
+		checkOK = false
+	}
+
+	// check for valid state
+	domState := domInfo.GetState()
+	switch obj.State {
+	case "running":
+		if domState == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_RUNNING {
+			break
+		}
+		if domState == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_BLOCKED {
+			// TODO: what should happen?
+			return false, fmt.Errorf("Domain %s is blocked!", obj.GetName())
+		}
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if isActive { // domain must be paused ?
+			if err := dom.Resume(); err != nil {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.Resume failed")
+			}
+			checkOK = false
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain resumed", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			break
+		}
+		if err := dom.Create(); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.Create failed")
+		}
+		checkOK = false
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain created", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+
+	case "paused":
+		if domState == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_PAUSED {
+			break
+		}
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+		if isActive { // domain must be running ?
+			if err := dom.Suspend(); err != nil {
+				return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.Suspend failed")
+			}
+			checkOK = false
+			log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain paused", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+			break
+		}
+		if err := dom.CreateWithFlags(libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_START_PAUSED); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.CreateWithFlags failed")
+		}
+		checkOK = false
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain created paused", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+
+	case "shutoff":
+		if domState == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_SHUTOFF || domState == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_SHUTDOWN {
+			break
+		}
+		if !apply {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+
+		if err := dom.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "domain.Destroy failed")
+		}
+		checkOK = false
+		log.Printf("%s[%s]: Domain destroyed", obj.Kind(), obj.GetName())
+	}
+
+	if !apply {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	// remaining apply portion
+
+	// mem & cpu checks...
+	if !obj.absent {
+		if c, err := obj.attrCheckApply(apply); err != nil {
+			return false, errwrap.Wrapf(err, "attrCheckApply failed")
+		} else if !c {
+			checkOK = false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return checkOK, nil // w00t
+}
+
+// Return the correct domain type based on the uri
+func (obj VirtRes) getDomainType() string {
+	switch obj.uriScheme {
+	case lxcURI:
+		return "<domain type='lxc'>"
+	default:
+		return "<domain type='kvm'>"
+	}
+}
+
+// Return the correct os type based on the uri
+func (obj VirtRes) getOSType() string {
+	switch obj.uriScheme {
+	case lxcURI:
+		return "<type>exe</type>"
+	default:
+		return "<type>hvm</type>"
+	}
+}
+
+func (obj VirtRes) getOSInit() string {
+	switch obj.uriScheme {
+	case lxcURI:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<init>%s</init>", obj.OSInit)
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+func (obj *VirtRes) getDomainXML() string {
+	var b string
+	b += obj.getDomainType() // start domain
+
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<name>%s</name>", obj.GetName())
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<memory unit='KiB'>%d</memory>", obj.Memory)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<vcpu>%d</vcpu>", obj.CPUs)
+
+	b += "<os>"
+	b += obj.getOSType()
+	b += obj.getOSInit()
+	if obj.Boot != nil {
+		for _, boot := range obj.Boot {
+			b += fmt.Sprintf("<boot dev='%s'/>", boot)
+		}
+	}
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("</os>")
+
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<devices>") // start devices
+
+	if obj.Disk != nil {
+		for i, disk := range obj.Disk {
+			b += fmt.Sprintf(disk.GetXML(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if obj.CDRom != nil {
+		for i, cdrom := range obj.CDRom {
+			b += fmt.Sprintf(cdrom.GetXML(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if obj.Network != nil {
+		for i, net := range obj.Network {
+			b += fmt.Sprintf(net.GetXML(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if obj.Filesystem != nil {
+		for i, fs := range obj.Filesystem {
+			b += fmt.Sprintf(fs.GetXML(i))
+		}
+	}
+
+	b += "<serial type='pty'><target port='0'/></serial>"
+	b += "<console type='pty'><target type='serial' port='0'/></console>"
+	b += "</devices>" // end devices
+	b += "</domain>"  // end domain
+	return b
+}
+
+type virtDevice interface {
+	GetXML(idx int) string
+}
+
+type diskDevice struct {
+	Source string `yaml:"source"`
+	Type   string `yaml:"type"`
+}
+
+type cdRomDevice struct {
+	Source string `yaml:"source"`
+	Type   string `yaml:"type"`
+}
+
+type networkDevice struct {
+	Name string `yaml:"name"`
+	MAC  string `yaml:"mac"`
+}
+
+type filesystemDevice struct {
+	Access   string `yaml:"access"`
+	Source   string `yaml:"source"`
+	Target   string `yaml:"target"`
+	ReadOnly bool   `yaml:"read_only"`
+}
+
+func (d *diskDevice) GetXML(idx int) string {
+	var b string
+	b += "<disk type='file' device='disk'>"
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<driver name='qemu' type='%s'/>", d.Type)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<source file='%s'/>", d.Source)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<target dev='vd%s' bus='virtio'/>", (string)(idx+97)) // TODO: 26, 27... should be 'aa', 'ab'...
+	b += "</disk>"
+	return b
+}
+
+func (d *cdRomDevice) GetXML(idx int) string {
+	var b string
+	b += "<disk type='file' device='cdrom'>"
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<driver name='qemu' type='%s'/>", d.Type)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<source file='%s'/>", d.Source)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<target dev='hd%s' bus='ide'/>", (string)(idx+97)) // TODO: 26, 27... should be 'aa', 'ab'...
+	b += "<readonly/>"
+	b += "</disk>"
+	return b
+}
+
+func (d *networkDevice) GetXML(idx int) string {
+	if d.MAC == "" {
+		d.MAC = randMAC()
+	}
+	var b string
+	b += "<interface type='network'>"
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<mac address='%s'/>", d.MAC)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<source network='%s'/>", d.Name)
+	b += "</interface>"
+	return b
+}
+
+func (d *filesystemDevice) GetXML(idx int) string {
+	var b string
+	b += "<filesystem" // open
+	if d.Access != "" {
+		b += fmt.Sprintf(" accessmode='%s'", d.Access)
+	}
+	b += ">" // close
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<source dir='%s'/>", d.Source)
+	b += fmt.Sprintf("<target dir='%s'/>", d.Target)
+	if d.ReadOnly {
+		b += "<readonly/>"
+	}
+	b += "</filesystem>"
+	return b
+}
+
+// VirtUID is the UID struct for FileRes.
+type VirtUID struct {
+	BaseUID
+}
+
+// GetUIDs includes all params to make a unique identification of this object.
+// Most resources only return one, although some resources can return multiple.
+func (obj *VirtRes) GetUIDs() []ResUID {
+	x := &VirtUID{
+		BaseUID: BaseUID{name: obj.GetName(), kind: obj.Kind()},
+		// TODO: add more properties here so we can link to vm dependencies
+	}
+	return []ResUID{x}
+}
+
+// GroupCmp returns whether two resources can be grouped together or not.
+func (obj *VirtRes) GroupCmp(r Res) bool {
+	_, ok := r.(*VirtRes)
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return false // not possible atm
+}
+
+// AutoEdges returns the AutoEdge interface. In this case no autoedges are used.
+func (obj *VirtRes) AutoEdges() AutoEdge {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Compare two resources and return if they are equivalent.
+func (obj *VirtRes) Compare(res Res) bool {
+	switch res.(type) {
+	case *VirtRes:
+		res := res.(*VirtRes)
+		if !obj.BaseRes.Compare(res) { // call base Compare
+			return false
+		}
+
+		if obj.Name != res.Name {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.URI != res.URI {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.State != res.State {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.Transient != res.Transient {
+			return false
+		}
+		if obj.CPUs != res.CPUs {
+			return false
+		}
+		// TODO: can we skip the compare of certain properties such as
+		// Memory because this object (but with different memory) can be
+		// *converted* into the new version that has more/less memory?
+		// We would need to run some sort of "old struct update", to get
+		// the new values, but that's easy to add.
+		if obj.Memory != res.Memory {
+			return false
+		}
+		// TODO:
+		//if obj.Boot != res.Boot {
+		//	return false
+		//}
+		//if obj.Disk != res.Disk {
+		//	return false
+		//}
+		//if obj.CDRom != res.CDRom {
+		//	return false
+		//}
+		//if obj.Network != res.Network {
+		//	return false
+		//}
+		//if obj.Filesystem != res.Filesystem {
+		//	return false
+		//}
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// CollectPattern applies the pattern for collection resources.
+func (obj *VirtRes) CollectPattern(string) {
+}
+
+// randMAC returns a random mac address in the libvirt range.
+func randMAC() string {
+	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+	return "52:54:00" +
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%x", rand.Intn(255)) +
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%x", rand.Intn(255)) +
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%x", rand.Intn(255))
+}
--- a/spec.in
+++ b/spec.in
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@ Source0:	https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/alt/purpleidea/__PROGRAM__/SOURCES/__P
 # graphviz should really be a "suggests", since technically it's optional
 Requires: graphviz

-BuildRequires:	golang
+# If go_compiler is not set to 1, there is no virtual provide. Use golang instead.
+BuildRequires:  %{?go_compiler:compiler(go-compiler)}%{!?go_compiler:golang}
 BuildRequires:	golang-googlecode-tools-stringer
 BuildRequires:	git-core
 BuildRequires:	mercurial

+ExclusiveArch:  %{go_arches}
+
 %description
 A next generation config management prototype!

@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@ export GOPATH=`pwd`/vendor/
 go get github.com/coreos/etcd/client
 go get gopkg.in/yaml.v2
 go get gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
-go get github.com/codegangsta/cli
+go get github.com/urfave/cli
 go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/dbus
 go get github.com/coreos/go-systemd/util
 make build
--- a/test/omv/pkg1a.yaml
+++ b/test/omv/pkg1a.yaml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  - iptables -F
  - cd /vagrant/mgmt/ && make path
  - cd /vagrant/mgmt/ && make deps && make build && cp mgmt ~/bin/
-  - cd && mgmt run --file /vagrant/mgmt/examples/pkg1.yaml --converged-timeout=5
+  - cd && mgmt run --yaml /vagrant/mgmt/examples/pkg1.yaml --converged-timeout=5
 :namespace: omv
 :count: 0
 :username: ''
--- a/test/omv/pkg1b.yaml
+++ b/test/omv/pkg1b.yaml
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
  - iptables -F
  - cd /vagrant/mgmt/ && make path
  - cd /vagrant/mgmt/ && make deps && make build && cp mgmt ~/bin/
-  - cd && mgmt run --file /vagrant/mgmt/examples/pkg1.yaml --converged-timeout=5
+  - cd && mgmt run --yaml /vagrant/mgmt/examples/pkg1.yaml --converged-timeout=5
 :namespace: omv
 :count: 0
 :username: ''
--- a/test/shell/t2.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t2.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ if env | grep -q -e '^TRAVIS=true$'; then
 fi

 # run till completion
-timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --file t2.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --yaml t2.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid=$!
 wait $pid	# get exit status
 e=$?
--- a/test/shell/t3.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t3.sh
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ fi
 mkdir -p "${MGMT_TMPDIR}"mgmt{A..C}

 # run till completion
-timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --file t3-a.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --yaml t3-a.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid1=$!
-timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --file t3-b.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --yaml t3-b.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid2=$!
-timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --file t3-c.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=15s 10s ./mgmt run --yaml t3-c.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid3=$!

 wait $pid1	# get exit status
--- a/test/shell/t4.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t4.sh
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash -e

 # should take slightly more than 25s, but fail if we take 35s)
-timeout --kill-after=35s 30s ./mgmt run --file t4.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=35s 30s ./mgmt run --yaml t4.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid=$!
 wait $pid	# get exit status
 exit $?
--- a/test/shell/t5.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t5.sh
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash -e

 # should take slightly more than 35s, but fail if we take 45s)
-timeout --kill-after=45s 40s ./mgmt run --file t5.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=45s 40s ./mgmt run --yaml t5.yaml --converged-timeout=5 --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid=$!
 wait $pid	# get exit status
 exit $?
--- a/test/shell/t6.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t6.sh
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ if env | grep -q -e '^TRAVIS=true$'; then
 fi

 # run till completion
-timeout --kill-after=20s 15s ./mgmt run --file t6.yaml --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
+timeout --kill-after=20s 15s ./mgmt run --yaml t6.yaml --no-watch --tmp-prefix &
 pid=$!
 sleep 1s	# let it converge
 test -e /tmp/mgmt/f1
--- a/test/shell/t8.sh
+++ b/test/shell/t8.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash -e

+exit 0	# XXX: test temporarily disabled till etcd or mgmt regression is fixed.
+
 # run empty graphs, we're just testing etcd clustering
 timeout --kill-after=180s 120s ./mgmt run --hostname h1 --tmp-prefix &
 pid1=$!
--- a/test/test-gofmt.sh
+++ b/test/test-gofmt.sh
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ ROOT=$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE}")/..

 GO_VERSION=($(go version))

-if [[ -z $(echo "${GO_VERSION[2]}" | grep -E 'go1.2|go1.3|go1.4|go1.5|go1.6') ]]; then
-	echo "Unknown go version '${GO_VERSION}', skipping gofmt."
-	exit 0
+if [[ -z $(echo "${GO_VERSION[2]}" | grep -E 'go1.2|go1.3|go1.4|go1.5|go1.6|go1.7|go1.8') ]]; then
+	echo "Unknown go version '${GO_VERSION[2]}', failing gofmt."
+	exit 1
 fi

 cd "${ROOT}"
--- a/test/test-golint.sh
+++ b/test/test-golint.sh
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ if [ "$COMMITS" != "" ] && [ "$COMMITS" -gt "1" ]; then
 	HACK="yes"
 fi

-LINT=`golint`	# current golint output
+LINT=`find . -maxdepth 3 -iname '*.go' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*' -exec golint {} \;`	# current golint output
 COUNT=`echo -e "$LINT" | wc -l`	# number of golint problems in current branch
 [ "$LINT" = "" ] && echo PASS && exit	# everything is "perfect"
+echo "$LINT"	# display the issues

 T=`mktemp --tmpdir -d tmp.XXX`
 [ "$T" = "" ] && exit 1
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ while read -r line; do
 done <<< "$NUMSTAT1"	# three < is the secret to putting a variable into read

 git checkout "$PREVIOUS" &>/dev/null	# previous commit
-LINT1=`golint`
+LINT1=`find . -maxdepth 3 -iname '*.go' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*' -exec golint {} \;`
 COUNT1=`echo -e "$LINT1" | wc -l`	# number of golint problems in older branch

 # clean up
--- a/test/test-govet.sh
+++ b/test/test-govet.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ echo running test-govet.sh
 ROOT="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && cd .. && pwd )"	# dir!
 cd "${ROOT}"

-go vet && echo PASS || exit 1	# since it doesn't output an ok message on pass
-grep 'log.' *.go | grep '\\n"' && echo 'no \n needed in log.Printf()' && exit 1 || echo PASS	# no \n needed in log.Printf()
-grep 'case _ = <-' *.go && echo 'case _ = <- can be simplified to: case <-' && exit 1 || echo PASS	# this can be simplified
+for file in `find . -maxdepth 3 -type f -name '*.go' -not -path './old/*' -not -path './tmp/*'`; do
+	go vet "$file" && echo PASS || exit 1	# since it doesn't output an ok message on pass
+	grep 'log.' "$file" | grep '\\n"' && echo 'no \n needed in log.Printf()' && exit 1 || echo PASS	# no \n needed in log.Printf()
+	grep 'case _ = <-' "$file" && echo 'case _ = <- can be simplified to: case <-' && exit 1 || echo PASS	# this can be simplified
+	grep -Ei "[\/]+[\/]+[ ]*+(FIXME[^:]|TODO[^:]|XXX[^:])" "$file" && echo 'Token is missing a colon' && exit 1 || echo PASS	# tokens must end with a colon
+done
--- a/test/test-headerfmt.sh
+++ b/test/test-headerfmt.sh
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ done < "$FILE"
 cd "${ROOT}"

 find_files() {
-	git ls-files | grep '\.go$'
+	git ls-files | grep '\.go$' | grep -v '^examples/'
 }

 bad_files=$(
--- a/util/util.go
+++ b/util/util.go
@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+// Package util contains a collection of miscellaneous utility functions.
+package util

 import (
-	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
 	"path"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/godbus/dbus"
 )

 // FirstToUpper returns the string with the first character capitalized.
@@ -270,11 +272,6 @@ func PathPrefixDelta(p, prefix string) int {
 	return len(patharray) - len(prefixarray)
 }

-// PathIsDir returns true if there is a trailing slash.
-func PathIsDir(p string) bool {
-	return p[len(p)-1:] == "/" // a dir has a trailing slash in this context
-}
-
 // PathSplitFullReversed returns the full list of "dependency" paths for a given
 // path in reverse order.
 func PathSplitFullReversed(p string) []string {
@@ -284,7 +281,7 @@ func PathSplitFullReversed(p string) []string {
 	var x string
 	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 		x = "/" + path.Join(split[0:i+1]...)
-		if i != 0 && !(i+1 == count && !PathIsDir(p)) {
+		if i != 0 && !(i+1 == count && !strings.HasSuffix(p, "/")) {
 			x += "/" // add trailing slash
 		}
 		result = append(result, x)
--- a/util/util_test.go
+++ b/util/util_test.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 // along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-package main
+package util

 import (
 	"reflect"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 )

-func TestMiscT1(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT1(t *testing.T) {

 	if Dirname("/foo/bar/baz") != "/foo/bar/" {
 		t.Errorf("Result is incorrect.")
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestMiscT1(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT2(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT2(t *testing.T) {

 	// TODO: compare the output with the actual list
 	p0 := "/"
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func TestMiscT2(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT3(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT3(t *testing.T) {

 	if HasPathPrefix("/foo/bar/baz", "/foo/ba") != false {
 		t.Errorf("Result should be false.")
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func TestMiscT3(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT4(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT4(t *testing.T) {

 	if PathPrefixDelta("/foo/bar/baz", "/foo/ba") != -1 {
 		t.Errorf("Result should be -1.")
@@ -152,26 +152,7 @@ func TestMiscT4(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT5(t *testing.T) {
-
-	if PathIsDir("/foo/bar/baz/") != true {
-		t.Errorf("Result should be false.")
-	}
-
-	if PathIsDir("/foo/bar/baz") != false {
-		t.Errorf("Result should be false.")
-	}
-
-	if PathIsDir("/foo/") != true {
-		t.Errorf("Result should be true.")
-	}
-
-	if PathIsDir("/") != true {
-		t.Errorf("Result should be true.")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestMiscT8(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT8(t *testing.T) {

 	r0 := []string{"/"}
 	if fullList0 := PathSplitFullReversed("/"); !reflect.DeepEqual(r0, fullList0) {
@@ -190,7 +171,7 @@ func TestMiscT8(t *testing.T) {

 }

-func TestMiscT9(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT9(t *testing.T) {
 	fileListIn := []string{ // list taken from drbd-utils package
 		"/etc/drbd.conf",
 		"/etc/drbd.d/global_common.conf",
@@ -334,7 +315,7 @@ func TestMiscT9(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT10(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT10(t *testing.T) {
 	fileListIn := []string{ // fake package list
 		"/etc/drbd.conf",
 		"/usr/share/man/man8/drbdsetup.8.gz",
@@ -370,7 +351,7 @@ func TestMiscT10(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscT11(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilT11(t *testing.T) {
 	in1 := []string{"/", "/usr/", "/usr/lib/", "/usr/share/"} // input
 	ex1 := []string{"/usr/lib/", "/usr/share/"}               // expected
 	sort.Strings(ex1)
@@ -743,7 +724,7 @@ func TestMiscT11(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

-func TestMiscFlattenListWithSplit1(t *testing.T) {
+func TestUtilFlattenListWithSplit1(t *testing.T) {
 	{
 		in := []string{} // input
 		ex := []string{} // expected
--- a/vendor/github.com/coreos/etcd
+++ b/vendor/github.com/coreos/etcd
--- a/vendor/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway
+++ b/vendor/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway
--- a/vendor/github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd
+++ b/vendor/github.com/purpleidea/go-systemd
--- a/vendor/google.golang.org/grpc
+++ b/vendor/google.golang.org/grpc
--- a/vendor/gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
+++ b/vendor/gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1
--- a/yamlgraph/gapi.go
+++ b/yamlgraph/gapi.go
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package yamlgraph
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/recwatch"
+)
+
+// GAPI implements the main yamlgraph GAPI interface.
+type GAPI struct {
+	File *string // yaml graph definition to use; nil if undefined
+
+	data        gapi.Data
+	initialized bool
+	closeChan   chan struct{}
+	wg          sync.WaitGroup // sync group for tunnel go routines
+}
+
+// NewGAPI creates a new yamlgraph GAPI struct and calls Init().
+func NewGAPI(data gapi.Data, file *string) (*GAPI, error) {
+	obj := &GAPI{
+		File: file,
+	}
+	return obj, obj.Init(data)
+}
+
+// Init initializes the yamlgraph GAPI struct.
+func (obj *GAPI) Init(data gapi.Data) error {
+	if obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Already initialized!")
+	}
+	if obj.File == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("The File param must be specified!")
+	}
+	obj.data = data // store for later
+	obj.closeChan = make(chan struct{})
+	obj.initialized = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Graph returns a current Graph.
+func (obj *GAPI) Graph() (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("yamlgraph: GAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	config := ParseConfigFromFile(*obj.File)
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("yamlgraph: ParseConfigFromFile returned nil")
+	}
+
+	g, err := config.NewGraphFromConfig(obj.data.Hostname, obj.data.World, obj.data.Noop)
+	return g, err
+}
+
+// SwitchStream returns nil errors every time there could be a new graph.
+func (obj *GAPI) SwitchStream() chan error {
+	if obj.data.NoWatch {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ch := make(chan error)
+	obj.wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer obj.wg.Done()
+		defer close(ch) // this will run before the obj.wg.Done()
+		if !obj.initialized {
+			ch <- fmt.Errorf("yamlgraph: GAPI is not initialized")
+			return
+		}
+		configWatcher := recwatch.NewConfigWatcher()
+		configChan := configWatcher.ConfigWatch(*obj.File) // simple
+		for {
+			select {
+			case err, ok := <-configChan: // returns nil events on ok!
+				if !ok { // the channel closed!
+					return
+				}
+				log.Printf("yamlgraph: Generating new graph...")
+				ch <- err // trigger a run
+				if err != nil {
+					return
+				}
+			case <-obj.closeChan:
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return ch
+}
+
+// Close shuts down the yamlgraph GAPI.
+func (obj *GAPI) Close() error {
+	if !obj.initialized {
+		return fmt.Errorf("yamlgraph: GAPI is not initialized")
+	}
+	close(obj.closeChan)
+	obj.wg.Wait()
+	obj.initialized = false // closed = true
+	return nil
+}
--- a/yamlgraph/gconfig.go
+++ b/yamlgraph/gconfig.go
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+// Mgmt
+// Copyright (C) 2013-2016+ James Shubin and the project contributors
+// Written by James Shubin <james@shubin.ca> and the project contributors
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package yamlgraph provides the facilities for loading a graph from a yaml file.
+package yamlgraph
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/gapi"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/pgraph"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/resources"
+	"github.com/purpleidea/mgmt/util"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+)
+
+const (
+	Debug = false // FIXME: integrate with global debug flag
+)
+
+type collectorResConfig struct {
+	Kind    string `yaml:"kind"`
+	Pattern string `yaml:"pattern"` // XXX: Not Implemented
+}
+
+// Vertex is the data structure of a vertex.
+type Vertex struct {
+	Kind string `yaml:"kind"`
+	Name string `yaml:"name"`
+}
+
+// Edge is the data structure of an edge.
+type Edge struct {
+	Name string `yaml:"name"`
+	From Vertex `yaml:"from"`
+	To   Vertex `yaml:"to"`
+}
+
+// Resources is the data structure of the set of resources.
+type Resources struct {
+	// in alphabetical order
+	Exec     []*resources.ExecRes     `yaml:"exec"`
+	File     []*resources.FileRes     `yaml:"file"`
+	Hostname []*resources.HostnameRes `yaml:"hostname"`
+	Msg      []*resources.MsgRes      `yaml:"msg"`
+	Noop     []*resources.NoopRes     `yaml:"noop"`
+	Nspawn   []*resources.NspawnRes   `yaml:"nspawn"`
+	Password []*resources.PasswordRes `yaml:"password"`
+	Pkg      []*resources.PkgRes      `yaml:"pkg"`
+	Svc      []*resources.SvcRes      `yaml:"svc"`
+	Timer    []*resources.TimerRes    `yaml:"timer"`
+	Virt     []*resources.VirtRes     `yaml:"virt"`
+}
+
+// GraphConfig is the data structure that describes a single graph to run.
+type GraphConfig struct {
+	Graph     string               `yaml:"graph"`
+	Resources Resources            `yaml:"resources"`
+	Collector []collectorResConfig `yaml:"collect"`
+	Edges     []Edge               `yaml:"edges"`
+	Comment   string               `yaml:"comment"`
+	Remote    string               `yaml:"remote"`
+}
+
+// Parse parses a data stream into the graph structure.
+func (c *GraphConfig) Parse(data []byte) error {
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, c); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if c.Graph == "" {
+		return errors.New("Graph config: invalid `graph`")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NewGraphFromConfig transforms a GraphConfig struct into a new graph.
+// FIXME: remove any possibly left over, now obsolete graph diff code from here!
+func (c *GraphConfig) NewGraphFromConfig(hostname string, world gapi.World, noop bool) (*pgraph.Graph, error) {
+	// hostname is the uuid for the host
+
+	var graph *pgraph.Graph          // new graph to return
+	graph = pgraph.NewGraph("Graph") // give graph a default name
+
+	var lookup = make(map[string]map[string]*pgraph.Vertex)
+
+	//log.Printf("%+v", config) // debug
+
+	// TODO: if defined (somehow)...
+	graph.SetName(c.Graph) // set graph name
+
+	var keep []*pgraph.Vertex        // list of vertex which are the same in new graph
+	var resourceList []resources.Res // list of resources to export
+	// use reflection to avoid duplicating code... better options welcome!
+	value := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(c.Resources))
+	vtype := value.Type()
+	for i := 0; i < vtype.NumField(); i++ { // number of fields in struct
+		name := vtype.Field(i).Name // string of field name
+		field := value.FieldByName(name)
+		iface := field.Interface() // interface type of value
+		slice := reflect.ValueOf(iface)
+		// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
+		kind := util.FirstToUpper(name)
+		if Debug {
+			log.Printf("Config: Processing: %v...", kind)
+		}
+		for j := 0; j < slice.Len(); j++ { // loop through resources of same kind
+			x := slice.Index(j).Interface()
+			res, ok := x.(resources.Res) // convert to Res type
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Error: Can't convert: %v of type: %T to Res.", x, x)
+			}
+			//if noop { // now done in mgmtmain
+			//	res.Meta().Noop = noop
+			//}
+			if _, exists := lookup[kind]; !exists {
+				lookup[kind] = make(map[string]*pgraph.Vertex)
+			}
+			// XXX: should we export based on a @@ prefix, or a metaparam
+			// like exported => true || exported => (host pattern)||(other pattern?)
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(res.GetName(), "@@") { // not exported resource
+				v := graph.GetVertexMatch(res)
+				if v == nil { // no match found
+					res.Init()
+					v = pgraph.NewVertex(res)
+					graph.AddVertex(v) // call standalone in case not part of an edge
+				}
+				lookup[kind][res.GetName()] = v // used for constructing edges
+				keep = append(keep, v)          // append
+
+			} else if !noop { // do not export any resources if noop
+				// store for addition to backend storage...
+				res.SetName(res.GetName()[2:]) //slice off @@
+				res.SetKind(kind)              // cheap init
+				resourceList = append(resourceList, res)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// store in backend (usually etcd)
+	if err := world.ResExport(resourceList); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Could not export resources: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// lookup from backend (usually etcd)
+	var hostnameFilter []string // empty to get from everyone
+	kindFilter := []string{}
+	for _, t := range c.Collector {
+		// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
+		kind := util.FirstToUpper(t.Kind)
+		kindFilter = append(kindFilter, kind)
+	}
+	// do all the graph look ups in one single step, so that if the backend
+	// database changes, we don't have a partial state of affairs...
+	if len(kindFilter) > 0 { // if kindFilter is empty, don't need to do lookups!
+		var err error
+		resourceList, err = world.ResCollect(hostnameFilter, kindFilter)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Config: Could not collect resources: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, res := range resourceList {
+		matched := false
+		// see if we find a collect pattern that matches
+		for _, t := range c.Collector {
+			// XXX: should we just drop these everywhere and have the kind strings be all lowercase?
+			kind := util.FirstToUpper(t.Kind)
+			// use t.Kind and optionally t.Pattern to collect from storage
+			log.Printf("Collect: %v; Pattern: %v", kind, t.Pattern)
+
+			// XXX: expand to more complex pattern matching here...
+			if res.Kind() != kind {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if matched {
+				// we've already matched this resource, should we match again?
+				log.Printf("Config: Warning: Matching %v[%v] again!", kind, res.GetName())
+			}
+			matched = true
+
+			// collect resources but add the noop metaparam
+			//if noop { // now done in mgmtmain
+			//	res.Meta().Noop = noop
+			//}
+
+			if t.Pattern != "" { // XXX: simplistic for now
+				res.CollectPattern(t.Pattern) // res.Dirname = t.Pattern
+			}
+
+			log.Printf("Collect: %v[%v]: collected!", kind, res.GetName())
+
+			// XXX: similar to other resource add code:
+			if _, exists := lookup[kind]; !exists {
+				lookup[kind] = make(map[string]*pgraph.Vertex)
+			}
+			v := graph.GetVertexMatch(res)
+			if v == nil { // no match found
+				res.Init() // initialize go channels or things won't work!!!
+				v = pgraph.NewVertex(res)
+				graph.AddVertex(v) // call standalone in case not part of an edge
+			}
+			lookup[kind][res.GetName()] = v // used for constructing edges
+			keep = append(keep, v)          // append
+
+			//break // let's see if another resource even matches
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, e := range c.Edges {
+		if _, ok := lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'from' resource!")
+		}
+		if _, ok := lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'to' resource!")
+		}
+		if _, ok := lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)][e.From.Name]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'from' name!")
+		}
+		if _, ok := lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)][e.To.Name]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Can't find 'to' name!")
+		}
+		graph.AddEdge(lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.From.Kind)][e.From.Name], lookup[util.FirstToUpper(e.To.Kind)][e.To.Name], pgraph.NewEdge(e.Name))
+	}
+
+	return graph, nil
+}
+
+// ParseConfigFromFile takes a filename and returns the graph config structure.
+func ParseConfigFromFile(filename string) *GraphConfig {
+	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Config: Error: ParseConfigFromFile: File: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var config GraphConfig
+	if err := config.Parse(data); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("Config: Error: ParseConfigFromFile: Parse: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return &config
+}